tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43160505549370018762024-03-05T07:27:37.016-08:00MYBESTARTICLESaddohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-65325938966976379452019-05-17T15:38:00.002-07:002019-05-24T14:11:16.212-07:00HISTORY OF ITALIAN IRREDENTISM IN CORSICAThe following is a translation of an essay written by Giulio Vignoli, professor of the University of Genova (Italy) about the "sad" history of the Italian irredentism in Corsica. As we all know this island has always been a region of Italy, being located at a very small distance from Rome and being always populated by Italian people. Only in the last two and half centuries France has occupied the island and -since 1769- has created a process of "francization" and "deitalianization" that is -partially- at the roots of the creation in Italy of the Irredentism movement in the XIX century (for further interesting information, please read in Italian language: <a href="http://gsavser.blogspot.com/2016/01/corsica-e-italia-cap-i-luca-cancelliere.html">http://gsavser.blogspot.com/2016/01/corsica-e-italia-cap-i-luca-cancelliere.html<span style="color: #b00000;">).</span></a><br />
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<span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="en" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; min-height: 20px; padding-right: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #b00000;"></span>Before the following translation, it is important to write that -contrary to what usually states the French propaganda- the Corsicans welcomed the Italian irredentism showing some undeniable support. Indeed this irredentism in Corsica was promoted mainly by Petru Giovacchini, who in 1933 created the "Corsican Culture Groups" in Corsica to defend its Italian character. Giovacchini promoted the union of Corsica to the Kingdom of Italy especially starting from 1939, also seeking proselytes among the autonomous movements of the island linked to Santu Casanova. He organized large demonstrations on the island, celebrating the Italian annexation of Albania in that year. During the second world war these groups of Giovacchini favorable to Italy became the important "Gruppi di azione irredentista corsa" (Corsican groups of Italian irredentist action).<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The members of the movement went up to a historical maximum, in February 1942, of 72,000 (it is noteworthy to pinpoint that all the population of Corsica was 220,000 in that year: this is an undeniable proof of the mild acceptance of the union to Italy by a very large percentage of the Corsican population!), while Giovacchini was rewarded with the nomination as national councilor of the Fascist Party. But the most emblematic fact of the rise of this irredentist movement in Corsica occurred in February 1942, when a Corsican Battalion of the Italian Army was established in Sardinia, framed in the Sassari division of the "73 Legione Camicie Nere". Furthermore, until the first spring months of 1943 there was no "resistance" movement (linked to De Gaulle) against the Italians in all Corsica. And in late December 1942 there were manifestations in some cities of Corsica in favor of the creation of an "Italian Governorate of Corsica" -similar to the just (in 1941) established "Governorate of Dalmatia"- under Governor Petru Giovacchini.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUzGMojPi2Uvq3so1ohnjOLJnFdem4SbzCZkoBIXj0ILlQ1sQiDeRWgr14aUMuAWkDFuOLJ6YlRzLYZy0jR_4VDjO2sFvU8itjS0xp4oV4-sbLDhT1Qg4yV51Viidgpr7GuQuI7wPnWXM/s1600/corsica-terra-italiana-068ee400-15a8-4085-b0a5-d78eb3d9c30b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="441" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUzGMojPi2Uvq3so1ohnjOLJnFdem4SbzCZkoBIXj0ILlQ1sQiDeRWgr14aUMuAWkDFuOLJ6YlRzLYZy0jR_4VDjO2sFvU8itjS0xp4oV4-sbLDhT1Qg4yV51Viidgpr7GuQuI7wPnWXM/s640/corsica-terra-italiana-068ee400-15a8-4085-b0a5-d78eb3d9c30b.jpg" width="470" /></a></div>
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ITALIAN IRREDENTISM IN CORSICA, written by Giulio Vignoli (Universita statale di Genova)<br />
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<span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="en" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; min-height: 20px; padding-right: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap;">More than sixty years ago the trial of Corsican irredentists took place in Bastia, at the Court of Justice of the Corsica (Court for the defense of the State), which ended with death sentences or harsh prison sentences.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />Let's try to reconstruct the story starting from the facts.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The French occupation of Corsica (1769: battle of Pontenuovo, won by the French against Corsican separatists) did not, at the beginning, cut off commercial or cultural relations with the Peninsula: in 1820 on fifty ships arriving at the ports of the island, thirty came from Italy. The Risorgimento exiles preferred Corsica as a place of refuge because they seemed to be at home; in 1831 Mazzini thus expressed himself: "There I felt again with the joy of those who repatriate on Italian soil".
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The design of imposing knowledge of French through teaching begins with the arrival of Inspector Morre in Corsica. The Journal de Département de la Corse of 7 October 1818 informs the population that the "French language, so neglected in the schools of this Department", will become the basis of education. Also remember that studies done abroad cannot be used in France to obtain qualifications in law or to practice medicine or surgery with the obvious aim of dissuading young people who are still studying in Rome or Pisa. In reality, despite the spread of French in schools, Italian continues to be taught throughout the first half of the century. In 1863 no French was spoken in any Corsica municipality; only 68 schools out of 516 exclusively use French as a teaching language, 61% of pupils between the ages of seven and thirteen do not speak or write French.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />It was Napoleon III who reiterated the abolition of the use of Italian in public documents and suppressed the teaching, although throughout the nineteenth century an Italian Corsican literature flourished, which had above all the two prominent figures in Salvatore Viale and Pietro Lucciana .
At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, apart from a few exceptions, the Italian was practically dead as a literary language, even though Italian newspapers were still circulating throughout Corsica as far as the most remote municipalities and if it lived partly as a spoken language. After the First World War the Italian language, however, is agonizing, while the economic situation of the island is disastrous, the incessant emigration and the government of the public thing inefficient. There are various statistics relating to emigration: from 275,000 inhabitants in 1860 we would have fallen to 170,000 in 1962 to go back to 228,000 in 1977. Currently (2001), the inhabitants of Corsica are 261,800 on an area of 8,680 square kilometers. Malta with 315.6 sq km has 378.518 inhabitants!</span><span class="tlid-translation-gender-indicator translation-gender-indicator" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #5f6368; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">This was the miserable economic, social and cultural state of Corsica when the advent of fascism aroused the interest of the Italian government and public opinion for the island's events.
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">The creation of the Historical Archive of Corsica by Gioacchino Volpe was fundamental in this regard; the best scholars of history run together with this magazine, born January 1, 1925.
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Some young courses, tired of clashes between clans and the vegetating of autonomous conventicles (however, the autonomist party progressed directed by Petru Rocca was distinguished), the attempts to renew the situation of the island, reduced to a pensioner of old than in administration of the French colonial empire they had found modest accommodations, they left the island for Italy with the aim of ending their studies at Italian universities (as had happened in the past anyway) and to sensitize Italian public opinion to their problems. The University of Corte, founded by Pasquale Paoli in 1765, had in fact been closed by the French in 1768 (it will be reopened in 1982!).
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Marco Angeli, Bertino Poli, Petru Giovacchini, intellectuals (they will be noteworthy poets and writers in Italian and in progress) and political agitators were distinguished among the pro-Italians. Dell’Angeli, then graduated in medicine at the University of Pisa, remember the volume Gigli di Stagnu. Liriche corse (Milan, 1932); of Giovacchini - a doctor - Corsicans papal archiatters (Rome, 1951), he also published Musa canalnica, Rime night, Aurore, Corsica, etc. They are responsible for the foundation of organized groups of courses, exiles from the island.
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">The race action groups were headed by the Angeli and the Giovacchini: the latter, however, enjoyed greater favor with the Italian authorities. Angeli's father, taking refuge in France from Corsica, will find a horrible end: lynched by the crowd in a riot. Poli, who also graduated in Pisa, but in letters, participated in a minor way in the activity of agitator, even if his publications are those of a purely political content, compared to those of the other two, also addressed, as we have seen , to topics, let's say, "extemporaneous". See del Poli The irredentist thought course and its controversies (Florence, 1940) and A Corsica by dumani (Livorno, 1943).
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Their work was accompanied by other public and private initiatives. The most important was the foundation of the association "Corsican Culture Groups" then erected in a public body. We also remember that the newspaper Il Telegrafo of Livorno published every Thursday a page Voices of the island of Corsica dedicated to the news of the island; also the newspaper The Island of Sassari published a weekly page our Corsica. A prominent place among the periodicals that at that time dealt with Corsica is the Mediterranean magazine of Cagliari and the university newspaper of Pisa Il Campano. Also at the University of Pisa was founded in 1942 the National Institute of Courses Studies directed by prof. Bruno Imbasciati.
</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">Publication more properly of the exiles was ancient and modern Corsica, monthly magazine, founded by the first animator of the cultural movement course in Italy, prof. Francesco Guerri, aka "Minuto Grosso"; he went to Livorno in the thirties with the collaboration of Angeli, Q. Giglioli, O.F. Tencajoli, E. Pellegrini, etc. the magazine edited a series of volumes "Travel history documents". There was another irredentist newspaper L''idea idea, directed by Anton Francesco Filippini, course of origin, but who had taken Italian citizenship immediately after his arrival, so he was not persecuted.
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Giovacchini_P..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="303" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Giovacchini_P..jpg" width="574" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Petru Giovacchini, leader of the Italian irredentism in Corsica, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">actively promoted the unification of Corsica to the </span>Kingdom of Italy<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> during the early 1940s.</span></td></tr>
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<div class="result-shield-container tlid-copy-target" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; direction: ltr; padding-right: 44px;" tabindex="0">
<span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="en" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; min-height: 20px; padding-right: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The claims of Italy towards France followed in 1938: Nice, Corsica, Djibouti, Tunis. The declaration of war on France and the Italian military occupation of Corsica opened the hearts of the irredentists to hope. Mussolini, however, did not turn occupation into annexation, postponing the issue to the end of the war (for further information read <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=italian+occupation+in+corsica&source=bl&ots=9HMSuPB9TE&sig=Jync7AzSKbmaC2K1ctTAisze08I&hl=en&ei=brR5Tb23FsKCrQG5xNWNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=italian%20occupation%20in%20corsica&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=italian+occupation+in+corsica&source=bl&ots=9HMSuPB9TE&sig=Jync7AzSKbmaC2K1ctTAisze08I&hl=en&ei=brR5Tb23FsKCrQG5xNWNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=italian%20occupation%20in%20corsica&f=false</a>.
).<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The question of the agreements that would have taken place between the Italian Army and some military courses remains very interesting and yet to be fully investigated. For these reasons, after the "liberation" of Corsica by French colonial troops, Colonel Petru Simon Cristofini was sentenced to death; the shooting took place in Algiers in November 1943. Cristofini's wife, Marta Renucci, was also sentenced to several years in prison, which she served in Algiers. Marta Renucci, the first woman in Corsica to work as a journalist, died, after many vicissitudes, a few years ago over 90 years old.<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />Also for the reasons mentioned above, Colonel Pantalacci and his son Antonio were also sentenced to death, but they managed to repair in Italy. On the course of the military courses we intend to return to a future article.<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" /><br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The victory of the Allies ended a world. The French repression was very harsh. Every autonomist movement suppressed. One wanted to destroy every linguistic home, the same Corsican identity, once and for all. The French imposed everywhere: think that if the students of the schools were heard talking in progress, they were expelled, even beaten. The Church - the last guardian of Corsican corsicanity and who had previously used Italian in homilies, sermons, and factory records - adopted French as its language.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The irredentists were hunted down, while the death sentences were falling and so were the harsh prison sentences and deportations.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />On the dock, in the trial held before the Court for the defense of the State, meeting in Bastia in 1946, they sat: prof. Eugenio Grimaldi (cousin of Petru Giovacchini); Angelo Giovacchini (brother of Petru); Yvia Croce, curator of the State Archives of Corsica; don Domenico Carlotti, monsignor of the Cathedral of Bastia and well-known dialect writer with the pseudonym of "Martinu Appinzapalu" (we remember the volume Racconti e leggende by Cirnu bella, Livorno, 1930); Petru Rocca, animator of the Corsican independent movement and director of the newspaper A Muvra; Giuseppe Damiani, teacher; Marco Leca, former mayor of Pastricciola; Maria Margherita Ambrosi, widow Piazzoli (Piazzoli was a delicate dialect poet who exalted Italy in its rhymes); by default Maria Rosa Alfonsi.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The fugitives were: Giovacchini, Poli, Angeli, Giovanni Luccarotti and Pietro Luigi Marchetti, journalist and poet, refugees in Italy.<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />Everyone, except Grimaldi, was accused of crimes of opinion for journalistic collaborations or for the content of the books they published in favor of Italy.
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />Deaths were condemned: the Luccarotti, the Poli, the Angeli, Petru Giovacchini, the Marchetti and the Grimaldi. Petru Rocca was sentenced to fifteen years of forced labor: he was deported to Guiana (La Cayenna) and died a few years after serving his sentence. Carlotti was sentenced to ten years in prison: he was then already sixty-eight years old and will die in prison; the Cross, the Alfonsi and the Damiani to five years of forced labor (the Cross will die in poverty after having published a book of memories); the Ambrosi five-year prison sentence; the Giovacchini Angelo with two. Everyone's assets were confiscated except for those belonging to Angelo Giovacchini and Marco Leca, who, alone, was found not guilty of the crime of harming the security of the State, but condemned to "national degradation!"
<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />As for those condemned to death, the defendants were, as we have seen, hidden in Italy (except for Grimaldi) and remained here. About Luccarotti it was not possible to get news; Petru Giovacchini, Poli and Angeli died in the succession indicated several years ago in Italy where they lived almost clandestine. The Angels, and was the last, died on December 22, 1985. Giovacchini died in Canterano in the Lazio Apennines, Poli and Angeli where they had taken refuge, in northern Italy. Marchetti, a few years after the sentence, asked for a pardon and returned to France.
Finally, Grimaldi, who was under arrest, applied for a pardon, obtaining the commutation of the death sentence into a prison sentence; he's been dead for several years noiw. The Grimaldi, it must be said, was not however born in Corsica, being from Termini Imerese (in Italy's Sicily).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #777777; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Additionally here it is a section of an essay about the Italian irredentism in Corsica written by myself in 2012:</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">History</span></h2>
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Corsica was considered Italian (ethnically, linguistically and historically) until 1768,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> when the Republic of Genoa, which had ruled the island for centuries, ceded the island to France, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in the capital city of Ajaccio. Under French rule, the use of the Corsican language, which is closely related to standard Italian, has gradually declined and has been replaced by French.
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Giuseppe Garibaldi promoted the unification of Corsican Italians to Italy when Rome was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, but Victor Emmanuel II did not agree to it.
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The course of Italian irredentism only marginally affected Corsica, and only during the Fascist rule of Benito Mussolini were the first organizations strongly promoting the unification of the island to the Kingdom of Italy founded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>
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Before World War I in Livorno, professor Francesco Guerri founded the review "Corsica antica e moderna", inspired on the "Archivio storico di Corsica" of Gioacchino Volpe. Petru Rocca created in the 1920s the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Partito autonomista</i> of Corsica (of which he was the leader) with the support of monsignor Domenico Parlotti and dr. Croce, director of the "Archivi di Stato della Corsica".
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Before and during World War II, some Corsican intellectuals staged pro-Italian propaganda and cultural activities in Italy (mainly in the "Gruppi di Cultura Corsa" - read: <a href="http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/pisa/pisa94_corsica.html">http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/pisa/pisa94_corsica.html</a>). These included Marco Angeli di Sartena, Bertino Poli, Marchetti, Luccarotti, Grimaldi and Petru Giovacchini (he was later proposed as a possible governor of Corsica if Italy had annexed it).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> The most renowned was Petru Giovacchini, who considered Pasquale Paoli (the hero of Corsica) as the precursor of Corsican irredentism in favor of the unification of the island to Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> The "Gruppi di Cultura Corsa" of Giovacchini reached a membership of 72,000 members by 1940, according to the historian R.H. Rainero.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none; clear: right; color: #0645ad; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.06px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="824" data-file-width="632" decoding="async" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/220px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-image: none; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="244" /></a>In November 1942 the VII Army Corps of the Regio Esercito occupied Corsica as part of the German led response to the Ally landings in Africa, leaving the island still under the formal sovereignty of Vichy France. Because of the lack of partisan resistance at first, and to avoid problems with Marshal Philippe Pétain, no Corsican units were formed under Italian control (except for a labour battalion formed in March 1943). However, a Resistance movement based on local inhabitants loyal to France and boosted by Free French leaders developed, opposing the irredentist propaganda and the Italian occupation, and was repressed by Italian fascist forces and subsequently by German troops.
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Some irredentist Corsican military officials collaborated with Italy, including the retired Major Pantalacci (and his son Antonio), colonel Mondielli and colonel Petru Simone Cristofini (and his wife, the first Corsican female journalist Marta Renucci).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> After Free French forces and Resistance forces, together with some Italian troops which sided with the Allies, retook Corsica, Petru Cristofini was executed in 1943. Of nearly 100 irrendentist collaborators (including intellectuals) put on trial by the French authorities in 1946, eight were sentenced to death, but none were executed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> Petru Giovacchini was also condemned to death, but fled to Italy where he found refuge until his death in 1955. With him, the Italian irredentistic movement in Corsica died out, though separate movements for independence from France (like the Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa) and the terrorist organization called National Front for the Liberation of Corsica) are currently active.
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cristofini_Pietro" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16.73px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 26.76px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cristofini Pietro</span></h3>
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Colonel Cristofini Pietro (or Petru Simon Cristofini) was born in Calenzana (near Calvi, Corsica) on 26 May 1903 and in 1939 became a captain of the 3rd Algerian Fusiliers regiment. He was initially a supporter of Pétain. After the Allied occupation of French North Africa he commanded the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Phalange Africaine</i>.
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In Tunisia he was wounded in one eye and then, before returning to Corsica, met Benito Mussolini in Rome. He was a supporter of the union of Corsica to Italy and defended irredentist ideals. He actively collaborated with Italian forces in Corsica during the first months of 1943. In the island he worked with Petru Giovacchini (the possible governor of Corsica if the Axis had won the war). Cristofini, as head of the Ajaccio troops, helped the Italian Army to repress Resistance opposition in Corsica before the Italian Armistice in September 1943.
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He was put on trial for treason after the Allies retook Corsica, and sentenced to death. He tried to kill himself, and was executed while suffering from his wounds in November 1943. His wife, Marta Renucci, was sentenced in 1946 to 15 years of jail in Algiers for supporting irredentism and for collaborating with Italian fascism, but served only a reduced sentence.
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Language" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Language</span></h2>
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While most Corsicans spoke a Corsican dialect at home, until the first half of the 19th-century Italian was the language most publicly spoken and written on the island.
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The first Corsican Constitution, for the short-lived Corsican Republic established in 1755, was written in Italian and Paoli proclaimed Italian as the official language of Corsica. Italian was the 'language of culture' in Corsica until the end of the 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup> Even Paoli's second Corsican Constitution, for the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom in 1794, was in Italian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> In the second half of the 19th century French replaced Italian, mainly because of Napoleon III. The Corsican dialect started to be used by Corsican intellectuals.
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The actual Corsican language is directly related to the Tuscan dialect of Pisa, an Italian city that dominated the island before Genoa. In the north of the island (Calvi), there is a local dialect very similar to the medieval Genoese. In the mountainous interior of Corsica there is a significant number of villages where nearly all the inhabitants speak <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Corso</i>, a medieval Pisan dialect mixed with Sardinian words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup>
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The extreme similarity of the Corso to Italian can be seen in an example phrase:
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Corso: <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sò natu in Corsica è g'aghju passatu i megli anni di a mio ghjuventù</i>
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Italian: <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sono nato in Corsica e ci ho passato i migliori anni della mia gioventù</i>
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English: <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">I was born in Corsica and spent the best years of my youth there</i>
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Nearly 12% of Corsicans speak Italian, while three-quarters understand it thanks to the television programmes from Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup>
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The irredentist Marco Angeli di Sartèna wrote the first book in "Corso" (titled <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Terra còrsa</i>) in 1924 and many lyrics (titled <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Malincunie</i>) in Ajaccio. He created and wrote the newspaper «Gioventù» of the "Partito Corso d'azione", partially in Italian and Corsican.
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Today Italian Corsicans speak French fluently, but most of them are second-language speakers.
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pasquale_Paoli_and_Italian_irredentism" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pasquale Paoli and Italian irredentism</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Porte_de_Genes_2.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1288" data-file-width="966" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonifacio_Porte_de_Genes_2.jpg/220px-Bonifacio_Porte_de_Genes_2.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a> <br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Porte_de_Genes_2.jpg" style="-ms-user-select: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E); background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The "Porta dei Genovesi" in Bonifacio, a city where the inhabitants still speak a genoese dialect</div>
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Pasquale Paoli was considered by Niccolo Tommaseo, who collected his <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Lettere</i> (Letters), as one of the precursors of Italian irredentism.
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The "Babbu di a Patria" (father of Corsica), as Pasquale Paoli was nicknamed by the Corsican Independentists, wrote in his Letters <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 9.26px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 9.26px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica&oldid=596972856#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> the following message in 1768 against the French invaders: "We (Corsicans) are Italians by birth and feelings, but first of all we feel Italian by language, roots, customs, traditions and all the Italians are all brothers for History and for God.... As Corsicans we do not want to be slaves nor "rebels" and as Italians we have the right to be treated like all the other Italian brothers.... Either we'll be free or we'll be nothing.... Either we'll win or we'll die (against the French) with our weapons in our hands.... The war against France is just and holy as the name of God is holy and just, and here on our mountains will appear for all Italy the sun of liberty." ("<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Siamo còrsi per nascita e sentimento ma prima di tutto ci sentiamo italiani per lingua, origini, costumi, tradizioni e gli italiani sono tutti fratelli e solidali di fronte alla storia e di fronte a Dio… Come còrsi non vogliamo essere né schiavi né "ribelli" e come italiani abbiamo il diritto di trattare da pari con gli altri fratelli d’Italia… O saremo liberi o non saremo niente… O vinceremo con l’onore o soccomberemo (contro i francesi) con le armi in mano... La guerra con la Francia è giusta e santa come santo e giusto è il nome di Dio, e qui sui nostri monti spunterà per l’Italia il sole della libertà…</i>")
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Pasquale Paoli wanted the Italian language to be the official language of his Corsican Republic. His Corsican Constitution of 1755 was in Italian and was used as a model for the American constitution of 1787. Furthermore, in 1765 Paoli founded in the city of Corte the first University of Corsica (where the teaching was done in Italian).
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Literature" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Literature</span></h2>
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The Italian language, promoted by the Corsican Italians, had been the language of culture in Corsica since the Renaissance. Many Corsican authors wrote an extensive literature in Italian in the last centuries.
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In the 14th century there was <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">La Cronica</i> of Giovanni della Grossa (1388-1464), Pier Antonio Monteggiani (1464-1525) and Marcantoni Ceccaldi (1526-1559). <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Storia di Corsica</i> was published in 1594 by Anton Pietro Filippini. In the 15th and 16th centuries there were Ignazio Cardini (1566-1602), Pietro Cirneo (1447-1507), Guiglielmo Guglielmi di Orezza (1644-1728) with <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">A Malannata</i> and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Ottave giocose</i>.
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In the 18th century, the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Accademia dei Vagabondi</i> was founded in Bastia, following the model of the Italian "Accademie". Angelo Francesco Colonna wrote <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Commentario delle glorie e prerogative del Regno e Popoli di Corsica</i> in 1685.
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During the Corsican Republic of Pasquale Paoli, there were Giulio Matteo Natali (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Disinganno intorno alla Guerra de Corsica</i> in 1736), Don Gregorio Salvini (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Giustificazione della Revoluzione di Corsica (1758-1764)</i>) and the same Pasquale Paoli (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Corrispondenza</i> (published only in 1846).
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During the 19th century in Bastia, Salvatore Viale wrote <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">La Dionomachia</i> in 1817, <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Canti popolari corsi</i> in 1843 and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Dell'uso della lingua patria in Corsica</i> in 1858.
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Many Corsican authors (who wrote in Italian) were influenced by the ideals of the Italian Risorgimento during the second half of the 19th century, such as Giuseppe Multado, Gian Paolo Borghetti, Francesco Ottaviano Renucci (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Storia della Corsica dal 1789 al 1830</i> and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Novelle storiche corse</i>). Even the Italian Nicolo Tommaseo collected the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Canti popolari corsi</i> (with points of view of Italian irredentism) and made a compilation of the letters (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli</i>) of Pasquale Paoli.
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Santu Casanova founded the famous literary review <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">A Tramuntana</i> (published in Ajaccio between 1896 and 1914) and wrote in Italian <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Meraviglioso testamento di Francesco</i> in 1875 and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">La morte ed il funerale di Spanetto</i> in 1892. He is considered the link between the old generations of Corsican writers who wrote in Italian language and the new ones, who started to use the Corsican language.
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During the first half of the 20th century, the most important Corsican publication in Italian was the literary review <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">A Muvra</i> of Petru Rocca. Other Corsican authors in Italian were Versini Maiastrale, Matteu Rocca (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">I lucchetti</i> in 1925), Dumenicu Carlotti (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Pampame corse</i> in 1926), Ageniu Grimaldi and Ugo Babbiziu (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Una filza di francesismi colti nelle parlate dialettali corse</i> in 1930).
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The Corsican Italians who promoted the ideal of Corsican irredentism published mainly in Italy, because of the persecutions from the French regime in the island in the first half of the 20th century.
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Thus, Petru Giovacchini wrote the poems <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Musa Canalinca</i> and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Rime notturne</i> in 1933 in Corsica, but successively wrote and published <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Aurore, poesie corse</i>, <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Corsica Nostra</i> and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Archiatri pontifici corsi</i> in Rome (the last, while he was in exile in 1951, a few years before his premature death).
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The irredentist Marco Angeli published in Milan <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Gigli di Stagnu</i> and <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Liriche corse</i> in 1934 and Bertino Poli wrote <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Il pensiero irredentista corso e le sue polemiche</i> in Florence in 1940.
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_Corsican_Italians" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Notable Corsican Italians</span></h2>
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Small list of renowned Corsican Italians:
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<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">Petru Giovacchini, irredentist candidate for Governor of Italian Corsica during WWII.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">Petru Rocca, founder of the <i style="list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%23222%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Partito autonomista</i> of Corsica and director of <i style="list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%23222%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A Muvra</i> literary review.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">Petru Simone Cristofini, irredentist colonel who was executed for treason in 1943.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">Marta Renucci, first Corsican female journalist.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">Marco Angeli di Sartèna, founder of newspaper «Gioventù» of the "Partito Corso d'azione" and writer/poet.</li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Parlers_de_Corse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="800" height="572" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Parlers_de_Corse.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Corsica showing the historical areas of the Corsican and Ligurian dialect in the island (Calvi, Ajaccio and Bonifacio were cities populated by Ligurian colonists during the Middle Ages: actually only the "Bonifacino" dialect is still used).</td></tr>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-64775845824316932412019-03-23T14:04:00.001-07:002019-03-27T08:52:04.774-07:001940 ITALIAN BOMBING OF BAHRAIN & SAUDI ARABIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">
</span></div>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">Only a few historians remember an Italian attack with bombers against Bahrain & Saudi Arabia oil fields during 1940. It obtained the partial destruction of oil deposits in Bahrain and temporarily <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">disrupted the oil supplies to the British Navy. It was intended to hit only Manama, in British Bahrain, but by mistake one of the Italian bombers bombed -without big damage- also Dhahran, in -until then- neutral <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Saudi Arabia.</span></span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOxDSssyRZI7I3CbUmumZKSP85nhDwhN_7vlg1V3-FahNjcniK7CO3HbFWh95L4Ub8Tm9fvxlvCIsutUEwzCbB4VTDOi5u4NxBSEZA3PckrbnRAFWCkfHa1PFSA13N__rI3mlxneZGa5M/s1600/missione_bahrein_1940.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration: underline; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="812" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOxDSssyRZI7I3CbUmumZKSP85nhDwhN_7vlg1V3-FahNjcniK7CO3HbFWh95L4Ub8Tm9fvxlvCIsutUEwzCbB4VTDOi5u4NxBSEZA3PckrbnRAFWCkfHa1PFSA13N__rI3mlxneZGa5M/s640/missione_bahrein_1940.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a>
This mission was the longest of those carried out in total autonomy of flight among all the belligerent aircraft in European and Eastern theaters of operation during WW2.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">In this sense it was a primacy although little known: it was a question of covering a distance of nearly 4,200 km.....and in the course of the entire world conflict no Aeronautics succeeded even distantly to repeat this achievement (and/or equaled this distance).
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/REGIA_AERONAUTICA_-_Savoia_Marchetti_SM.82_02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="800" height="392" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/REGIA_AERONAUTICA_-_Savoia_Marchetti_SM.82_02.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Savoia -Marchetti SM82 bomber</td></tr>
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<div style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin: 6.96px 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "quot";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #008600;">I<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">n order to strike the British-controlled oil refineries at Manama in the Persian Gulf, four SM82s bombers -under the orders of Lieutenant Colonel Ettore Muti- undertook a flight of 4,200 km (2,610 mi), lasting 15 hours at 270 km/h (170 mph), that was for the time arguably a record for a bombing mission. Each aircraft carried a load of 1,500 kg (3,310 lb).</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "quot";"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""> A fifth Italian bomber went directly to Italian Eritrea, with support help in case of emergency for the four attacking Bahrain oil fields.
This long-range action was successful, taking the target totally by surprise, and the SM.82s landed without problems at Zula, Eritrea. The Italian airplanes started their flight from Europe (Rodi island), attacked refineries in Asia (Bahrain & Dhahran) and landed back in Africa (Italian Eritrea): it was the first "3 continents" mission in air bombing history.</span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">During the attack were dropped 132 bombs of 15 kg, that heavily damaged 2 refineries according to the Italians.
</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">The raid caused the Allies some concerns, forcing them to upgrade their defences. This, more than the amount of damage caused (<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;">half a dozen wells and some oil deposits were set on fire in Bahrain, according to Muti)</span>, further stretched Allied military resources.
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<br />
British authorities were forced (by the civilian population who was greatly scared by the attack) to create in 1941 a "balloon defense" around Bahrain, even if the British "propaganda" declared that there has been no damage by the Italian raid. However it is noteworthy to pinpoint that <b><span style="color: #3c3c3c; font-size: x-small;">Italian historians -like Paolo Tripodi- argue that this huge panic of the civilian population was a sure proof of a great damage done by the bombings, because if the destruction was small it was not going to be noted by the civilians-who lived away from the oil fields & refinery</span></b><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #3c3c3c; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> ).</span><br />
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 13.93px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 13.93px; orphans: 2; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The Italian Command intended to employ the special SM82s to bomb the English oil plants of Manama, in the Persian Gulf, in order to show the potential ability of the Italian air force. It was a long and difficult mission involving a 4,000 kilometre flight. Ettore Muti and his comrades spent four days working on a complete revision of the plans and established a complex flight plan....On December 18, at 5.10 pm, after filling both the normal and the supplementary tanks, they loaded three out of four SM82s with 1.5 tons of incendiary and explosive bombs weighing 15, 20 or 50 kilograms. Then the four three-engine bombers took off.In command of the first aircraft, which gained height with difficulty from the Rhodes- Gadurrà runway because it was overloaded with 19,500 kilograms, was Lieutenant Colonel Muti. He was assisted by Major Giovanni Raina and by Captain Paolo Moci, who had previous experience in flying planes overloaded up to 21 tons.....The SM82s, after gaining height (a manoeuvre which took remarkable efforts because of the enormous weight of the aircraft) headed east, flying over Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria, bending to the southeast as they went past Jordan and Iraq until they reached the Persian Gulf. During the very long outward flight, the role of Muti's SM82 pathfinder proved its essential function in leading the squadron..... At 2.20 am, just before reaching the Bahrain Islands, Lieutenant Colonel Federici's aircraft suddenly lost sight contact with Muti's SM82 and had to drop its bombs on different targets in the vicinity of Manama, while the other planes hit the fixed target. As bombardier Raina later told "the operation of spotting the target was easy thanks to the total illumination of the extractive and refinery plants" which were partially damaged by the bombs (half a dozen wells and some oil deposits were set on fire). As soon as they perceived the glares of the first explosions, the Italian planes made off along the escape route landing to the Zula runway (Eritrea) at 8 8:40.The whole Italian formation had flown 2,400 kilometres in 15.30 hours. At the Eritrean airport, along with a small crowd of Italian aviators, the brave pilots found the fifth SM82 squadron bomber which, in the meantime, had come from Rhodes as a support plane on the way back, should one of the crafts make an emergency landing in the desert.</i> Alberto Rosselli.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8GcLO1ek8BuiAlb11QDSIepkGHOzusfREAl1YexI_2wn-J_bFj-8HoD0G7k8whwP5qdTXgija-eF0k4I-afFRQC1_BK-g098SlMBKrDqXO628T5D3RYswULSrLPs2INMzkkxqviDz8wA/s1600/Paolo_moci.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="205" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8GcLO1ek8BuiAlb11QDSIepkGHOzusfREAl1YexI_2wn-J_bFj-8HoD0G7k8whwP5qdTXgija-eF0k4I-afFRQC1_BK-g098SlMBKrDqXO628T5D3RYswULSrLPs2INMzkkxqviDz8wA/s640/Paolo_moci.jpg" width="437" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Italian Air force Captain Paolo Moci</td></tr>
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Lt. Colonel Muti conjured a clever plan to raid the Arabian Oil fields in the Gulf. He deliberately ignored the fact that England and France controlled a majority of the space around the area [ Cyprus, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia ] and, not to forget, the vast uncharted distance, plus lack of military support or reach. Muti argued that attacking the Oil Fields would limit the supply of fuel to the Mediterranean, and compel the British to spread their forces. In turn, reducing their own presence in the Mediterranean, the British were forced to allow Italy better control in the area.</span><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">The plan was too ambitious to say the least. The distance proposed was never covered before, with unheard of weight loads. The best Aircraft of the time struggled with 19,000kg: Muti overloaded his bombers with over 21,000kg. Needless to say, most Italian Generals doubted Muti’s sanity. Fortunately, with an impeccable record of daring achievements, Muti had the backing of “Il Duce” himself. He ordered the plan into action with confidence, famously stating:<< “</span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">se Muti pensa di potercela fare, lasciatelo fare</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">” | “if Muti thinks he can do it, then let him do it” – Benito Mussolini>>.</span>
<span style="color: black;"><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Plan
</span></u><span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Building on his short but audacious experience, Muti spended </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">two</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> months planning </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">the</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> world’</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> first 15hr air raid, spanning a distance </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">of</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 4,200 km. He u</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">tilized </span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">four </span>Savoia-Marchetti SM.82</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b00000;">, <span style="color: black;">modified for better lift and longer range, </span></span></span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #b00000;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">and the fifth on</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> for support in case of an emergency</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">He took the council of his trusted C</span></strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b00000;">apt. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Paolo Moci<span style="color: black;">, and finalized routes and </span></span></strong><span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">set </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">targets.</span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The timing had to b</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">just </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">right, with favorable tailwind to allow them the range; </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> difference in 10kts would render the plan useless. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The speed had to be such, to not waste fuel.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The attack was</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to be an uncontrolled or autonomous </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">run, deep in enemy territories. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">herefore all pilots </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">had</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to be familiar and knowledgeable for the 15hrs of </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">radio </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">sil</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ence</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">They even factored a </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">full moon</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to aid them in the raid. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Being Ramadan, that would have made it around the 15th </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">or 16th</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> just in time for </span>Girgaon – </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">قرقاعون</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">. The second part was a Propaganda campaign, to boost Italian confidence, and shake the enemy's will.<br /><br />The plan was to </span></span></strong><span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">over</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">load aircraft with </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">3000 ltr of extra fuel, and a cache of 15kg, 20kg, and 25kg bombs, the least carrying 150 units. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">A strip down of all unnecessary equipment including defensive guns. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Engines were modified for extra power and reduced weight, even manned positions such as engineering station were removed to save weight and space</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">. The plan was to f</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ly from Rhodes to Bahrain, then land in Italian controlled Eritrea. Avoiding backtracking </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">through Iraq and Syria</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">or </span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">running into the </span>British RAF<span style="color: black;"> and </span>French Air Force<span style="color: black;">.</span></span></strong></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHyvykEUR__GwXIRoKoiFG7n6NCL-T2p6PQjLWUFgsAbEsf08xUHZurAnDIACIxqSXylsCSo-xaMdZtVuAHwDp-LEqYYXccmKnXI4-o19fGM-KODn_gSFu_LJx1S26VwXmzyNgWa78_Nc/s1600/BahrainBapcoRefineryWeb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="400" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHyvykEUR__GwXIRoKoiFG7n6NCL-T2p6PQjLWUFgsAbEsf08xUHZurAnDIACIxqSXylsCSo-xaMdZtVuAHwDp-LEqYYXccmKnXI4-o19fGM-KODn_gSFu_LJx1S26VwXmzyNgWa78_Nc/s640/BahrainBapcoRefineryWeb.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 18.06px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Bahrain Refinery: it was built in 1936 and bombed by Muti in October 1940. In the distance can be seen the Manama buildings.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>
<span class="imgPusher" style="float: right; height: 48px;"></span></span><span style="clear: right; display: table; float: right; margin-top: 20px; margin-top: 40px; max-width: 100%; position: relative; width: auto;"><span class="wsite-caption" style="caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><br /></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Raid</span></strong></u></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">With the dimming </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">fternoon</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the raiders t</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ook</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to the sky on the 18</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> of October 1940</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">verloaded with fuel and bombs, the four </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Italian</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> built </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">SM.82</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">rushed down the runway. Even with three modified 950hp Al<u><span style="color: #000120;">f</span></u></span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">a-Romeo 128 engine</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> roaring, the raiding fleet struggled to lift, only inching </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">in their</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> climb </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">to</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">7</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">,000ft.
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Overloaded with an all-up weight of 19,500kg, the four aircraft struggled to get airborne. They were galvanized by the barnstorming </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente Colonello</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Muti in the lead aircraft, however, who had demonstrated with his crew of </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Maggiore</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Giovanni Raina and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Capitano</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Paolo Moci that it was possible – albeit inadvisable – to take off in an </span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17 , 17 , 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(17 , 17 , 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17 , 17 , 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17 , 17 , 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">SM.82</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> laden with 21,000kg.</span><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b>
<b></b>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The remainder of the flight was crewed by </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente Colonello</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Fortunato Federici, </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Capitano</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Aldo Buzzaca and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Emanuele Francesco Ruspoli in the second aircraft, </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Capitano</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Giorgio Meyer, </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Adolf Rebex and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Sergente Maggiore</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Aldo Carrera in the third and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Capitano</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Antonio Zanetti with </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Vittorio Cecconi and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Sergente Maggiore</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Mario Badii in the fourth.</span><b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>
</b></span></strong></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">With </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">two </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">dimly</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> lit Diamond decal</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> on top of his </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">wings</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, Muti leaded his fleet towards a</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">fate unknown</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Passing Cyprus before dusk, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">then </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">navigating the mountains of Lebanon and Syria in complete darkness. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">With </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Damascus being the last point of visual reference, before reaching the Gulf. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Followed by a major challenge to t</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">raversing the mainly uncharted Arabian Desert. With only his vulnerable companions next to him, Muti flew in silence.<br /><br />While over the desert they constantly changed altitude to hide above the clouds. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">A m</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">inor issue arose</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> when one of the aircraft lost visual contact </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">while entering the </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">desert</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, but Ettore Muti had </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">anticipated</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">this situation and was confident in his plan. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The formation held throughout the outward leg, but at the last minute the number 2 aircraft of </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tenente Colonello</em><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Federici lost sight of the leader and fell out of the formation. Rather than risk a collision with his unseen colleagues or arrive too late and draw anti-aircraft fire, he set course for Dharan (Saudi Arabia) and let the remaining trio of bombers close in on Bahrain.</span></span></strong></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">By </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">1 am they reached Dohat Azuwar [</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">دوحة الزوار</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">] close to today’s southern </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kuwaiti</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">region of AlWafra [</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">الوفرة </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">]. With a bomber's</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> moon, the raiders prep for the attack. A hazy sky forced them to decent to 3,000ft. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">aintaining </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">constant </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">visual contact with the ground, and search</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ing</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to identify their next </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">waypoint of Al Qatif – Saudi Arabia [ </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">القطيف </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">- </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">السعودية</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">].</span></strong></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.thule-italia.org/Arte/boccasile/Supplemento/Muti19.jpg?lbisphpreq=1" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thule-italia.org/Arte/boccasile/Supplemento/Muti19.jpg?lbisphpreq=1" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="620" height="640" width="496" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ettore Muti</td></tr>
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><span style="color: #b00000;"></span>
<span class="imgPusher" style="float: left; height: 103px;"><br /></span><span style="clear: left; display: table; float: left; margin-top: 20px; margin-top: 40px; max-width: 100%; position: relative; width: auto;"><span class="wsite-caption" style="caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: -0px; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">At 2:00 am Bahrain Time, Muti and his crew see the bright lights of Bahrain. Lit up like a beacon, Manama and Muharraq were easy to identify. Within 20 min, the fleet was over the Island. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Unsuspecting and completely caught off guard,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the RAF further aid</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ed</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the raiders by lighting up the runway </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">when their engines were heard</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Only shutting them off </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">once b</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">omb</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ing started</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></strong></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">They targeted and hit the obvious RAF Muharraq Airfield part of today's OBBI, The Royal Navy HMS Jufair Naval Base [ Mina Salman - ميناء سلمان ], and the distant flame</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">of the</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Oil Refineries in the Sakhir Desert. Dropping 150 bombs out of </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">each of the three</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> plan</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s [<em>Totaling Approx 9,000kg</em>], they turn towards Saudi and continue their trip.
With the bright flashes of bombs exploding, the fourth trailing </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">b</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">omber identifies the position and heads straight to </span></strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dahran – Saudi Arabia |[</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">الظهران </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">- </span>السعودية <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Attacking </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">secondary </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">targets</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">of Aramco </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">refiner</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ies</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> and oil well</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">inally </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">re</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">joining the fleet</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">With the weather clearing up, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">the winds calm. Muti and his crew fly the rest of the night towards the Red Sea. Maintaining a constant speed and altitude to economize fuel consumption. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Just </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">past [ Layla – Saudi Arabia | </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ليلى – السعودية </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">], they see the Mountain chains of the [Aseer - Saudi Arabia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> | </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">عسير السعودية</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ] west<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong>of the </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Arabian Peninsula; beyond is the Red Sea and salvation.</span></strong></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Halfway </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">over the Red Sea</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, the</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">y get word that a retaliatory attack by the RAF on [ Massawa </span></strong>- Eritrea<strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa" target="_blank"> | </a><span style="font-weight: normal;">ምጽዋዕ </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">] was underway. T</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">hey were advised to keep their distance</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avoiding the shoreline and avoid being spotted by the </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">aggressive</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">RAF raiding fleet of [ Gloster Gladiators ]. Safely avoiding detection, they reach </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">their planned destination of </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">[ Zula - Eritrea | </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ዙላ </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">] around 9 am, surprisingly with a reported 30-40 min of additional fuel. Received as Heroes, the fleet arrives </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">victorious</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">and triumphant </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">on more fronts than expected.
O<span style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #666666;">n the way back </span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">to Italy from Eritrea, Muti and his crew coordinated a small but </span></strong><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">spiteful</span></strong><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> attack on Port Sudan (in coastal Sudan), as an additional consolation prize: some bombs were dropped.</span></strong>
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">For obvious reasons, reports differed as to the effectiveness of the bombing. The British reported that most bombs fell into the sea and only one hit the land, blowing up on a mountain of spoil from the drilling activity with a broken leg as the only casualty. The Italians meanwhile claimed to have set six wells ablaze with secondary fires seen burning in the storage areas.<br /><br />The British authorities declared that in Bahrain a<span class="st" style="background-color: transparent; clear: none; color: #3c3c3c; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18.06px;"><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"> total of 84 bombs were dropped but remarkably, no one was killed or seriously injured and little damage was done.<span style="color: #007000; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="st" style="background-color: transparent; clear: none; color: #3c3c3c; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18.06px;"><span style="font-size: 13.33px;">However, this event caused a mass panic amongst the civilian population, now realizing that the war was going to hit home ( the <b>Italian historian Paolo Tripodi wrote that this huge panic was proof of a great damage done by the bombings, because if the destruction was small -as british propaganda claimed- it was not going to be noted by the civilians</b>). Furthermore the British managed to use this attack as an excuse to rally Muslims behind them, stating that the Italian aircraft violated Meccan airspace during its journey.</span></span></span><br /><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title=""><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Ettore Muti was duly promoted out of the front line and ended up working in intelligence, where he made a formidable enemy in the former Chief of Staff, Pietro Badoglio. Muti discovered that Badoglio’s record in the field left a lot to be desired, and when Badoglio successfully ousted Mussolini from power in 1943 one of his first job was to order to assassinate the man who had masterminded the Regia Aeronautica’s barnstorming long-distance bombing campaign (read for further information: <a href="http://mutiettore.blogspot.com/">http://mutiettore.blogspot.com/</a> ).</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEke9AP4xPWHx0JPkzlZewUdXjJcT3h9GskZywzmnvnJrNI7ZdbJAG772V5njwPjb9sQ2jb1YEBL6xq_yOfhuxcvxGQaL0Tfsw-mhYkCJTsPsiRdVCgGpFFGhefreHc6hSu4sLLZZ7-Hw/s1600/ettore-muti-benito-award.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="333" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEke9AP4xPWHx0JPkzlZewUdXjJcT3h9GskZywzmnvnJrNI7ZdbJAG772V5njwPjb9sQ2jb1YEBL6xq_yOfhuxcvxGQaL0Tfsw-mhYkCJTsPsiRdVCgGpFFGhefreHc6hSu4sLLZZ7-Hw/s640/ettore-muti-benito-award.jpg" width="450" /></a></div>
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The following are excerpts from an essay written in 2012 by <a href="http://www.arabnews.com/taxonomy/term/2766" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #464646; cursor: pointer; font-family: Isento-Medium; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: 2; outline-width: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; transition-delay: 0s, 0s, 0s; transition-duration: 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s; transition-property: color, background-color, opacity; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1), cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1), cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Abdulateef Al-Mulhim</a> about the Italian bombing -by mistake- of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Dhahran, in </span>Saudi Arabia:<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">"...….Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938. After this discovery, the Arabian Gulf region gained strategic importance. And when World War II started in 1939, no one imagined it will spread all over the world, even Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">As the war continued, it was clear to every political and military leader that whoever controls the oil fields and oil supplies will end up having the upper hand and will eventually win the war.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Saudi and Bahraini oil fields were very close to each other and there was American and British presence in the area. In June 1940, the Italian leader and Prime Minister Benito Mussolini received a plan to destroy the oil fields in Bahrain to disrupt the oil supplies to the British Navy. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The plan was suggested by the Italian test pilot, Air Force Captain Paolo Moci. During World War II, the Gulf region was the center-line dividing the world. The Western front was Europe and Africa and the Eastern front was the Pacific region.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
On a late afternoon on Oct. 18, 1940, four Italian Air Force planes with about 1,300 gallons of fuel and loaded with machine guns and bombs took off from a runway in the island of Rhodes, Greece. The four planes were Savoia-Marchetti S-82. They had three nine cylinders 880-HP and fitted with Alfa Romeo propeller engines. The Italian Air Force had an experience with long range bombing against the British in Gibraltar. But, the air raid on Bahrain was about 3,000 miles and would be around 15 hours long. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The four planes flew in diamond formation and flew across the Eastern Mediterranean and crossed Lebanon and Syria. And when they crossed Iraq they made a right turn to fly over Kuwait. They headed south and flew over the Arabian Gulf. During this long flight, the last plane in the formation lost visual contact and they were able to exchange few words to maintain radio contact because they were in radio silence. The formation captain knew the fourth plane was in the vicinity, so they continued their flight as planned. The three planes couldn’t slow down for fear of stalling and the fourth couldn’t increase its speed to catch up, so all four planes continued their flight.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
The three planes finally reached Bahrain and they had no trouble finding the oil installations. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Flames from the refineries lighted up the dark skies. And it was mentioned in a book (Discovery) by Wallace Stegner and illustrated by Don Thompson that the British ground personal assumed the planes are British and even switched on the runway lights for the planes to land. There were no enemy air bases within one thousand miles. Bombs were dropped but, the damage was minimal. But, what happened to the fourth plane which lost visual contact?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
The fourth plane drifted about 25 miles to the west and eventually ended up being over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The pilot thought he was flying over Bahrain. He saw the oil installations and the fire from the torch and dropped his bombs. The Aramco (Casoc) camp had American families, Saudi employees and other foreign workers. They thought it was an earthquake. Those living around the oil installations were very lucky. J<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">ust days before the raid, t</span>he orange waste gas flares were moved farther away from the vicinity of the oil installations and the employees housing. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The bombing run lasted a very short time and the four planes were able to gather again and got into formation and headed south west toward Eritrea, which was under Italian rule. The planes finally landed after flying 3,000 miles for more than 15 hours and flying over three continents. They took off from Europe, flew over Asia and landed in Africa.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Later on the same four planes commanded by the same crew flew back to Rome via Benghazi, Libya which was also under Italian rule. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The raid in reality didn’t accomplish the intended goal. Bahrain and Dhahran were barely scratched, but the Italian radio announced that the oil installations were "nearly totally" damaged. However some damage was done in the Bahrain oil fields.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
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This long-range raid raised many questions in the American and British intelligence departments. The Italian Air Force pilots and planes have the capability to fly 15 hours and cover 3,000 miles and be able to carry heavy loads of fuel, bombs and ammunition. But, what were the future impacts and the influences of this Italian air raid on the course of WWII? When the US and British intelligence services knew about the attack, they were worried about the Axis forces' ability to attack any target within thousands of miles from wherever the bases are...…."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "playfair display" , serif , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 25.1px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-12384473990162130192019-02-27T15:31:00.004-08:002019-02-27T15:31:48.877-08:00ITALIAN CORFU CITYCORFU ITALIANA <br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Corfu city (called in greek "Kerkyra") is often remembered as '<b>the Italian city of Greece'</b>, and also nicknamed "Corfu Italiana". The reason is that the old city within the venetian walls, for historical reasons (<a href="http://wwwbisanzioit.blogspot.com/2012/08/corfu-introduzione.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wwwbisanzioit.blogspot.com/2012/08/corfu-introduzione.html</span></a>), is similar to the cities in Istria and north-eastern Italy. Same streets, squares, building architecture: also the cuisine is similar to the one of Venice (with Italian names -like <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">"Pastitsado", the most popular dish in the island of Corfu that comes from the Venetian dish 'Spezzatino', "Strapatasada", "Sofrito", "Savoro" , "Bianco" and "Mandolato"- </span>translated to the local greek dialect that is full of Italian/venetian loanwords). Furthermore it is noteworthy to remember that until Napoleon times the language used in the city by nearly 2/3 of the inhabitants was the "Veneto da mar", an Italian dialect very similar to the one spoken today in Venice, and that the official language in the documents and legal activities was the Italian. </span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Diamante Pavello-Artale, wife of the famous Italian linguist Niccolo Tommaseo, was a Corfiot Italian from a noble venetian family resident in Corfu city since the "Cinquecento" (XVI century).</i></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.dizionario.org/img_folder//images/diamante.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i></i><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="428" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjF6YUfun_d1PzkSmQnegRNGNBHvnMIqeSsBz67o6JOTIr-9uWCCM_I6sdOJ2CHmkpLHK_g37gk9-CjpGdTME4IFrJufUIM2lynRg0-rG5V2aVHXJGN_Sc-uXcUcaU0zQBkxphppjhvOC4D4nmaceX51tQ5F1Q7rwj2=s0-d" width="498" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">There was also a strong minority of nearly 5000 Jews in the city and surroundings, who used the "Italkian", a jewish language with plenty of words from Italian Apulia.</span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />Indeed t</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">he old city built by the Venetians is the only one in Greece to be surrounded by two fortresses earning it the name Kastropolis, city of castles, evidence of its turbulent history and of many invaders not only because it was such a desirable place to live: being the first port of call between Rome and Greece, it was indispensible as a port for repairs and supplies, the Venetian shipyard in Gouvia standing as proof until today.</span><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Walking through the narrow streets of the old city it is easy to forget you are in Greece and might be tempted to talk Italian to the locals, since very little has been changed since it was built in the 16</span><sup style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.06px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">th </sup><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">century. Additionally it is noteworthy to pinpoint that from 1386 to 1797 Corfu island was directly ruled by the Republic of Venice and that the Corfu city was inhabited by some members of the Italian nobility of Venice.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">During the Byzantine and early venetian era the city gradually expanded and became powerful and fortified with fortresses and castles like the Angelo Castro, the Gardiki Castle and the Fortress of Saint Mark.</span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #777777; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "palatino"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">T</span>he city of Corfu from as early as the thirteenth century graduated expanded beyond the Old Fortress, thus creating the modern-day city, which was called the “Borgo” or “Xopoli” (“Outer City”), and which was unwalled and thus easy prey to continual Turkish incursions. In the late sixteenth century, the walling of the city outside the Old Fortress and the fortification of the hill of Saint Mark (the New Fortress), imposed by the danger of invasion, were completed according to the plans of important military engineers of the Most Serene Republic. The impressive form of the modern city, with its fortresses, city plan, and large central square (the Spianáda), are owed to these exemplary Venetian fortification works. The two major and most destructive Turkish sieges in 1537 and 1716 were held in check, since the unassailable Corfiot walls put an end to Turkish attempts to expand into the Ionian Sea. At the same time, and especially a er 1669 and the final fall of Crete to the Turks, the wave of refugees to the safe Ionian Islands, and naturally to Corfu, created a new dynamic in all areas of the economy, society, and culture. For four centuries, Venetian rule had a decisive influence on the character of Corfu </span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The French and then the British followed the Venetian domination. The entire town was reorganized, but most of what we see today dates back to that period 16th- 19th century).</span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Corfu (and its island) is the only part of Greece never conquered by the Turks" it was c</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">onsidered a bastion of Western Civilization against the Ottoman tide (<a href="http://www.antivouniotissamuseum.gr/it/corfuxmcenni-storicixm"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://www.antivouniotissamuseum.gr/it/corfuxmcenni-storicixm</span></a>).</span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The old city of Corfu was one of the most strongly fortified cities of Greece, which despite the persistence of the Ottomans to conquer it, they never succeed, in fact Corfu is the only part of Greece never to fall in the hands of the Ottomans, to a large degree thanks to the brilliance of Venetian engineering. The island has seven powerful fortresses made by the venetians!</span><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">As one would except, today the ancient streets of Corfu city cater mostly for the needs of tourists and with cafes, restaurants and souvenir shops aplenty, but despite this inevitable development, the greater part of the old city remains very authentic. Its all too easy to wonder away from the few busy streets and find yourself in another era, narrow streets between tall buildings with cloths hanging to dry between balconies, old people looking after their flowers, had it not been for the annoying presence of cars and scooters, it would be a scene out of a Hollywood film about Venice. </span><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Despite its small size the city is packed with history, magnificent old buildings and of course churches, 37 to be exact.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Corfu city had the first University and theater of Greece: indeed the first academy of Greece (Ionian Academy), was established in 1732 in Corfu, while the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">San Giacomo (town hall) was the first theater and opera of modern Greece.</span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Directly Italian words in the actual Greek dialect of Kerkyra include “fanestra” (from “finestra” meaning “window”) and splanada” (esplanade) while other terms may have been deformed by the differences between Veneto and Italian such as “chita” (quiet) from “zitto” and “iezamina” from “esaminante” (examiner). Another "italianised" place name is Koulines, an industrial suburb of Kerkyra, whose name is from “collina” (hill) in Italian.</span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Map of 1942 showing Corfu annexed to the Kingdom of Italy (in dark green color)</i></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Greece_during_WWII-IT.png/850px-Map_of_Greece_during_WWII-IT.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i></i><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="800" height="494" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Greece_during_WWII-IT.png/850px-Map_of_Greece_during_WWII-IT.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">It is noteworthy to remember that Pugliese and Neapolitan fishermen (the latter engaged in the activity of coral extraction since the eighteenth century) were the backbone of the Italian community of Corfu, estimated at 1,300 by a census promoted in 1928 by the Greek authorities: they reached the quota of 1,500</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">people during the first years of the second world war.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: &quot; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">In fact, the Italians of Corfu, even if reduced to a thousand in the late thirties of the XX century by the Greek authorities, were strongly supported by fascist propaganda and in the summer of 1941 (after the Italian occupation of the Ionian islands) Italian schools were reopened in the city of Corfu.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">In 1942 the Italians of Corfu became almost 2000. Indeed some years before & during the Second World War Mussolini promoted an initial development of Italian irredentism in Corfu, similar to the one promoted in Savoy. <br /><br /><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">Moreover in 1937 in Corfu there were 356 members of the Fascist Party and 306 young people enrolled in the "Italian Youth of the Foreign Littorio" (GILE).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ba0008; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-spacing: 0px;" title="">A rather high figure, including "a good half of the local Italian community" according to historian G. Esposito.<br /><br />All the Italian community in Corfu suffered the consequences of the Italian defeat in September 1943.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="tlid-source-target main-header small-font" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-left-radius: 8px; border-bottom-right-radius: 8px; border-top-left-radius: 8px; border-top-right-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0px 1px 4px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.37); color: #777777; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; padding-top: 48px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 1280px; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="tlid-translation translation" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ba0008; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; min-height: 20px; padding-right: 8px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally it should be remembered that about 5000 Italian Jews called "Italkian" lived in Corfù (from the name of their partially Italianized Jewish dialect), which were almost completely exterminated by the Nazis after the surrender of Italy on September 8, 1943. In addition to these , around 3500 Maltese (Maltese-Italian and Catholic) were present in Corfu, who immigrated to Corfu from Malta over the centuries.<br /><br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />After the terrible years of 1943/1944, he first to be removed from Greece freed by the Nazis were the Italians of Corfu: arrested on October 14, 1944, they were immediately translated into city prisons while their property was confiscated and their houses looted. <br /><br />Some of them, about 200 people, were repatriated to Italy on October 16th aboard the Italian Navy, while most remained a prisoner until November 7th 1944, when 661 Italians were embarked on a Red Cross ship flying the Norwegian flag (mostly elderly people, women and children), plus another 500 Italian soldiers who escaped from German roundups. <br /><br />According to some estimates by the government of Rome, there were about 1000 citizens of the Italian colony evacuated from Corfu in 1944-1945, where only "some elders and individuals distinguished for merit in favor of Greece" remained.<br /><br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto;" />The Corfiots of Catholic religion are currently about 5000 and some consider that this is the residual community of Italian Corfioti on the island.</span><span class="tlid-translation-gender-indicator translation-gender-indicator" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #5f6368; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><u><sub><sup><strike><br /></strike></sup></sub></u></i></b><b><i><u><sub><sup><strike><br /></strike></sup></sub></u></i></b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The following are excerpts of an article I wrote in English Wikipedia some years ago about the "Corfiot Italians" (the inhabitants of Corfu city, descendants of the Venetians (and other Italians) who settled in the city mainly during the five centuries when it was in the "Repubblica di Venezia" dominions):</span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.televignole.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/9-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="642" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhspnhfodOW-G8hBJ5c6fDFYSKKLfvdZPiBGLY1P-2_0hvApbfs0nZ8qViwquTvO69c-hM3mmOGlASMadCf278vMjwRFPXcayapKqAjH-3tDCXhyphenhypheno2gtfAvp2Dmp8QoZ5iJ75G_jGws23grrTYKpBQU5CX82G1LnI__uq78=s0-d" width="640" /></a></div>
<i><span style="color: #005000; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"></span></i><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Festa di San Spiridiano in "Citta di Corfu" in summer 1942, showing some of the 2000 Corfiot Italians of the island.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><u><sub><sup><strike><br /></strike></sup></sub></u></i></b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 27.2px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>CORFIOT ITALIANS</b></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Corfiot Italians</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> (or "Corfiote Italians") are a population from the </span>Greek<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> island of </span>Corfu<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> with ethnic and linguistic ties to the </span>Venetian Empire<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">. Their name was specifically established by </span>Niccolò Tommaseo<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> during the Italian </span>Risorgimento<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">. During the first half of the 20th century, Mussolini (whose fascist regime promoted the ideals of </span>Italian irredentism<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">) successfully used the surviving nearly one thousand Corfiot Italians as a pretext to both occupy and twice annex Corfu to Italy. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><h2 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 5.23px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20.93px; orphans: 2; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Origins</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The origins of the Corfiot Italians can be found in the expansion of the Italian States toward the Balkans during and after the Crusades. In the 12th century, the Kingdom of Naples sent some Italian families to Corfu to rule the island. From 1204 onward, the Republic of Venice sent many Italian families to Corfu. These families brought to the island the Italian language of the Middle Ages (1)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">When Venice ruled Corfu and the Ionian islands during the Renaissance, all the nobility of the islands was Venetian and the dominant presence of this community lasted until the first half of the 19th century. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Under Venetian rule, most of the Corfiote upper classes spoke Italian (or Venetian in many cases) and converted to Roman Catholicism, but the mass of people in the island remained Greek ethnically, linguistically, and religiously before and after the Ottoman sieges of the 16th century. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Corfiot Italians were mainly concentrated in the city of Corfu, which was called "Cittá di Corfu" by the Venetians. More than half of the population of Corfu city in the 18th century was fully Venetian-speaking (2). Indeed the signatories of the creation in 1815 of the "United States of the Ionian Islands" (the first greek independent state of modern times) were nearly all Corfiot Italians: </span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18.66px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">B. Theotoki, president. - Cav. Calichiopulo. - Alessandro Marietti. - Niccolò Anino Anas°. - Vettor Caridi. - D. Foscardi. - D. Bulzo. - Felice Zambelly. - Basilio Zaro. - Valerio Stai. - Giovanni Morichi. - Stefano Palazzuol Scordilli. - Anastasio Battali. - Anastasio Cassimati. - Giacomo Calichiopulo Manzaro. - Spiridione Giallina Ym Anastasio. - An.° Tom.° Lefcochilo. - Cav. Niccolò Agorosto. - Marino Veia. - Niccolò D. Dallaporta. - Spiridione Metaxa Liseo. - Pietro Caidan. - Sebastiano D Schiadan. - Daniele Coidan. - Paolo Gentilini. - Spiridione Focca Gio. - Demetrio Arvanitachi. - Dionisio Genimata. - Giulio Domeneghini. - Francesco Mazzan. - Angelo Mercati. - Giovanni Melissimo. - Marino Stefano. - Angelo Condari. - Niccolò Cavada. - Pietro Petrizzopulo. - Gio. Psoma. - Niccolò Vretto. - Giorgio Massello. - Stefano Fanarioli. - Riccardo Plasket, secretary. - Dom. Valsamachi, secretary. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18.66px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>As can be seen, o<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial"; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18.66px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">nly the president & another two had Greek surnames, while all the others have Italian family names: this simple evidence shows the influence of the Corfiot Italians in the History of Greece! And we cannot forget that Ioannis Capodistrias (<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">considered a founder of the modern </span>Greek state<span style="color: #004000;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline !important; float: none; font: 400 13.93px/22.28px sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #004000;">and the architect of </span></span>Greek independence) was born in Corfu city in a venetian family emigrated to Corfu in the XIII century from Istria's Capodistria: <span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #004000;">h<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">is family's name in Capodistria had been Vitori or Vittori (14).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"></span><br /><div style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin: 6.96px 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">The re-emergence of Greek nationalism, after </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">Napoleonic times, contributed to the disappearance of the Corfiot Italians. Corfu was ultimately incorporated into Greece in 1864. The Greek government abolished all Italian schools in the Ionian islands in 1870, and as a consequence (when the Kingdom of Italy occupied the island from 1941 to 1943) there were only seven hundred "Corfiote Italians" left (3).</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"> All of them were forced to move away by the Greek authorities after WW2.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><h2 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 5.23px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20.93px; orphans: 2; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Venetian_heritage" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"></span>Venetian heritage</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The Republic of Venice dominated Corfu for nearly five centuries and many Venetians moved to the island. By the end of the 15th century, the Italian language and culture (including in some ways the Roman Catholic church) came to predominate. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 18.11px; margin-left: 19.5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 310px; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 13.06px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dalmazia1560.png" style="-ms-user-select: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E); background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Map of the Republic of Venice in 1560, showing partially Corfu at the bottom.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Kerkyra (the Greek name of Corfu) remained in Venetian hands until 1797, though several times assailed by Turkish naval and land forces and subjected to four notable sieges in 1537, 1571, 1573 and 1716, in which the great natural strength of the city and its defenders asserted itself time after time. The effectiveness of the powerful Venetian fortifications of the island was a great factor that enabled Corfu to remain the last bastion of free, uninterrupted Greek and Christian civilization in the southern Balkans after the fall of Constantinople. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Will Durant, a French historian, claims that Corfu owed to the Republic of Venice the fact that it was the only part of Greece never conquered by the moslem Turks (4). The Turks occupied the other Ionian islands, but were unsuccessful with their four sieges of Corfu. This fact gave Corfu and Malta the title of <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Bastions of Christian Europe</i> during the late Renaissance. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Corfu Town looks very different from most Greek towns because of Corfu's unique history. From 1386 to 1797, Corfu was ruled by Venetian nobility and much of the town itself reflects this particular era when the island belonged to the Republic of Venice and multi-storied buildings on narrow lanes were established. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Many Venetian-speaking families settled in Corfu during those centuries and until the second half of the 20th century the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Veneto da mar</i> was spoken in Corfu. During this time, the local Greek language assimilated a large number of Italian and Venetian words, many of which are still common today. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The Venetian feudal families pursued a mild but somewhat assimilating policy towards the natives, who began to adopt many segments of Venetian customs and culture. The Corfiotes were encouraged to enrich themselves by the cultivation of the olive, but were debarred from entering into commercial competition with Venice. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Before the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, most of the population in Corfu spoke the Veneto da mar. However, a huge influx of Christian refugees from Greece and Albania along with the mortality of the Black Death and the Turkish deportations of the original Corfiotes from Corfu (when unsuccessfully attempted to re-conquer the island three times), changed the ethnic, linguistic, and religious composition of the island's population. From predominantly Venetian Catholic before the 14th century the island of Corfu became Greek Orthodox by the 17th century, with the exception of Corfu city that maintained a majority of venetian speaking population (with the Italkian of the Jewish community). This was a process, provoked mainly by the Ottoman invasions, similar to what happened in the Venetian Dalmatia (where only the cities like Zara, Spalato and Cattaro maintained a majority of Venetian-speaking people) (5).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 18.11px; margin-left: 19.5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 360px; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 13.06px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: center; width: 352px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corfu_town.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="263" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Corfu_town.jpg/350px-Corfu_town.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12.26px; line-height: 17.17px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corfu_town.jpg" style="-ms-user-select: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E); background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The Venetian "Citadel" of Corfu City.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The island served even as a refuge for Greek scholars, and in 1732 became the home of the first Academy of modern Greece. Many Italian Jews took refuge in Corfu during the venetian centuries and spoke their own language (Italkian), a mixture of Hebrew and Venetian with some Greek words. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The Venetian influence was important in the development of the Opera in Corfu. During Venetian rule, the Corfiotes developed a fervent appreciation of Italian opera, and many local composers, such as the Corfiot Italians Antonio Liberali and Domenico Padovani developed their career with the theatre of Corfu, called <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Teatro di San Giacomo</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The internationally renowned photographer Felice Beato was born in Corfu of a Venetian family in the 19th century. The architecture of Corfu remains much more Italian than anywhere else in Greece. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Venetians promoted the Catholic Church during their four centuries of rule in Corfu. Today, the majority of Corfiots are Greek Orthodox Christians(following the official religion of Greece). However, there is still a percentage of Catholics (5%) who owe their faith to their Venetian origins. These contemporary Catholics are mostly families who came from Malta, but also from Italy during the Republic of Venice. Today, the Catholic community consists of about 4000 people, (2/3 of Maltese descent) who live almost exclusively in the Venetian "Citadel" of Corfu City, living harmoniously with the Orthodox community. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Venetian rule significantly influenced many aspects of the island's culture. Corfu's cuisine, for instance, maintains some Venetian delicacies, cooked with local spicy recipes. Dishes include "Pastitsado" (the most popular dish in the island of Corfu, that comes from the Venetian dish Spezzatino), "Strapatasada", "Sofrito", "Savoro" , "Bianco" and "Mandolato". Some traditions in Corfu were introduced by the Venetians such as the Carnival (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Ta Karnavalia</i>). </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Italian influence is evident even in Corfu's spacious squares such as the popular "Spinada" and its narrow cobblestone alleys known as "Kantounia". The Italian Renaissance is best represented on Corfu by the surviving structures of the old Fortezza Vecchia on the eastern side of the town by the Veronese military engineer Michele Sanmicheli and the Venetian Ferrante Vitelli, who designed the later fortress on the west, the Fortezza Nuova. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 6.96px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6.96px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">During the Venetian period, the town of Corfu began to grow on a low hillock situated between the two forts. In many respects, Corfu typifies the small Venetian town, or borgo, of which there are numerous other surviving examples in the former Venetian territories of the Adriatic Sea, such as Ragusa and Spalato in Dalmatia. As in Venice itself, the "campi" developed haphazardly in the urban fabric where it was natural for residents to congregate, especially around churches, civic buildings, fountains, and cisterns. The best example of such a space is Plateia Dimarcheiou, or Town Hall Square, overlooked on its north side by the 17th century Loggia dei Nobili (which today serves as the seat of local government) and on the east side by the late sixteenth century Catholic Church of St. Iakovos, or St. James. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Teatro_di_San_Giacomo" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16.73px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 26.76px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Teatro di San Giacomo</span></h3>
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Corfu City Hall, that was the original "Teatro di San Giacomo."</div>
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During Venetian rule, the Corfiotes developed a fervent appreciation of Italian opera, which was the real source of the extraordinary (given conditions in the mainland of Greece) musical development of the island during that era. The opera house of Corfu during 18th and 19th centuries was that of the <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo</i>, named after the neighbouring catholic cathedral, but the theatre was later converted into the Town Hall. A long series of local composers, such as the Corfiot Italians Antonio Liberali and Domenico Padovani contributed to the fame of the Teatro di San Giacomo. </div>
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The first opera to be performed in the San Giacomo Theatre had been as far back as 1733 ("Gerone, tiranno di Siracusa"), and for almost two hundred years between 1771 until 1943 nearly every major operatic composition from the Italian tradition, as well as many others of Greek and French composers, were performed at the stage of the San Giacomo theatre. This impressive tradition, invoking an exceptional musical past, continues to be reflected in the mythology supporting the opera theatre of Corfu, a fixture in famous opera singers' itineraries. Operatic performers who found success at the theatre were distinguishd with the accolade <i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">applaudito in Corfu</i> ("applauded in Corfu") as a tribute to the discriminating musical sensibility of the island audience. </div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento</span></h2>
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The Italian Risorgimento was initially concentrated in the Italian peninsula with the surrounding continental areas (Istria, Dalmatia, Trentino, Nizzardo, etc.) and did not reach Corfu and the Ionian islands. One of the main heroes of the Italian Risorgimento, the poet Ugo Foscolo, was born in Zante from a noble Venetian family of the island, but only superficially promoted the possible unification of the Ionian islands to Italy. </div>
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The first newspaper of Corfu was in Italian: the official weekly newspaper (<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Gazzetta degli Stati Uniti delle Isole Jone</i>) was first published in 1814. First in Italian, then in both Greek and Italian, finally from 1850 in Greek and English; and it continued for the entire duration of the English Protectorate until 1864. </div>
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According to historian Ezio Gray, the small communities of Venetian-speaking people in Corfu were mostly assimilated after the island became part of Greece in 1864 and especially after all Italian schools were closed in 1870 (6).</div>
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However, the Italian language maintained some importance, as can be seen by the fact that poets like Stefano Martzokis (Marzocchi was the surname of the father, an Italian from Emilia-Romagna) and Geranimos Markonos, the first from Corfù and the second from Cefalonia, wrote in Italian some of their poems in the second half of the 19th century. </div>
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The island of Corfu was a refuge for many Italians in exile during the Wars of Independence of Italy, like Niccolò Tommaseo (who married Diamante Pavello-Artale, a Corfiot Italian) (7).</div>
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After WWI, however, the Kingdom of Italy started to apply a policy of expansionism toward the Adriatic area and saw Corfu as the gate of this sea. Mussolini developed an extreme nationalistic position in accordance to the ideals of Italian irredentism and actively promoted the unification of Corfu to Italy. </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ugo_Foscolo.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="322" decoding="async" height="273" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ugo_Foscolo.jpg/220px-Ugo_Foscolo.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a> <br /><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12.26px; line-height: 17.17px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Ugo Foscolo, hero of the Italian Risorgimento, was born in Zante and briefly lived in Corfu.</div>
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The Corfiote Italians, even if reduced to a few hundreds in the 1930s, were strongly supported by fascist propaganda and in the summer of 1941 (after the Italian occupation of the Ionian islands) Italian schools were reopened in Corfu city (8).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Italian_occupation_of_Corfu" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Italian occupation of Corfu</span></h2>
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Italy occupied Corfu two times: the first for a few months only in 1923 by Mussolini, after the assassination of Italian officers; the second during WWII, from April 1941 to September 1943. </div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">The Corfu incident was used by Italy to occupy temporarily Corfu from august to September 1923.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 1.39px;">During the Greco-Italian War Corfu was occupied by the Italians in April 1941. They administered Corfu and the Ionian islands as a separate entity from Greece until September 1943, following Mussolini's orders of fulfilling the Italian Irredentism and make Corfu part of the Kingdom of Italy.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Detailed_chronology_of_the_occupations" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16.73px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 26.76px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Detailed chronology of the occupations</span></h3>
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<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Corfu Incident of 1923</i> </div>
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At the end of December 1915, Italy sent a military force to Corfu under the command of General Marro. They established Post Offices with the French occupation troops there. In 1915-1919, the Italian and French forces (as well as Serbian forces) remained on the island of Corfu. The Italians did not have any intention to pull out, but the British and the French government forced them to displace. </div>
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In 1923, the Italians tried to occupy Corfu again. The morning of the August 27, 1923, unknown people (probably Greeks) murdered General Enrico Tellini and three officers of the Italian engrave deputation on the Greek–Albanian border. </div>
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Italy made an announcement asking within 24 hours the following demands: the apology of the Greek people; the commemoration of the dead in the Catholic Church of Athens, with all the members of the Greek government to participate; the honor of the Italian flag in the Italian naval squadron, which would have shipping in Faliro; the investigation of the Greek authorities adjoined by the Italian military attendant carnal Perone di San Martino, which should end within 5 days; the death penalty of the guilty people; the Greek government should pay the amount of 50 million Italian pounds in 5 days, as a penalty; the dead should be honored with military honors in Preveza. </div>
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The Greek government responded accepting only the following demands: the Greeks accepted to present the apologies; the commemoration; the honor of the Italian flag at the Embassy; the honor of the dead in Preveza. </div>
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Consequently, the Italian Army suddenly attacked Corfu on August 31, 1923. Commander Antony Foschini asked from the prefect of Corfu to surrender the island. The prefect refused and he informed the government. Foschini warned him that the Italian forces would attack at 17:00 and the Corfiots refused to raise the white flag in the fortress. Seven thousand refugees, 300 orphans plus the military hospital were lodged in the Old Fortress, as well as the School of Police in the New Fortress. At 17:05 the Italians bombarded Corfu for 20 minutes. There were victims among the refugees of the old Fortress and the Prefect ordered the raising of the white flag. The Italians besieged the island and set the forces ashore. From the beginning of their possession, they started to inflict hard penalties on the people who had guns, and the officers declared that their possession was permanent. There were daily requisitions of houses and they censored the newspapers. Greece asked for the interference of the Society of the Nations, in which Greece and Italy were members, and demanded the solution of the problem through arbitration. The Italian government of Mussolini refused, declaring that Corfu will be possessed until the acceptance of the Italian terms. On September 7, 1923, the ambassador’s conference in Paris ended with the evacuation of the Italian forces from Corfu, which finally occurred on September 20, 1923 and ended on the 27th of the same month. </div>
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<i style="line-height: 22.28px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">World War II</i> </div>
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During the Second World War Mussolini wanted to possess the Ionian Islands, which he succeeded with the help of the Germans during the Greco-Italian War. The Italians occupied Corfu from March 28, 1941. They implemented a process of italianization, with creation of Italian schools, centered around the small surviving community of the Corfiote Italians, who still spoke the Venetian dialect (9).</div>
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The first reaction to the Italian occupation happened on the first Sunday of November 1941. During the procession of the Saint Spyridon, the fascist young Corfiot Italians participated and provoked the students of the Greek high schools. When the procession arrived in the Upper Square, the students started to leave whilst singing the national Greek songs. The “Carbinaria” and the “Finetsia” fascist groups attacked and arrested many Greek students, beating them and exiling some of them to the island of Othonous. After that episode there was a relative calm in Corfu until the surrender of Italy in September 9, 1943. </div>
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Downtown Corfu City with typical Venetian-style architecture.</div>
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From the 10th to the 14th of September, the Germans tried to force to surrender the Italian garrison in Corfu, while the political prisoners were set free from the small island of Lazaretto. The morning of 13th of September, Corfiots woke up to the disasters of the war. The German air raids continued the whole day bombarding the port, the Fortresses and strategic points. During the night of 14th of September, huge damages happened in the Jewish parts of Saint Fathers and Saint Athanasios, the Court House, the Ionian Parliament, the Ionian Academy, in which the Library was lodged, the Schools of Middle Education, the Hotel "Bella Venezia", the Custom Office, the Manor-Houses and the Theatre. Finally the next week the Germans occupied the island with huge losses between the Italians, forcing successively the nearly 5000 Jews (speakers of the Italkian) of the island to concentration camps in Germany. </div>
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The small Corfiot Italian community numbered nearly 700 people, living mainly in Corfu city, when Mussolini occupied the island in 1941-1943 (10). Actually there are no more Corfiot Italians in the island since the last peasant speaking the Venetian language died in the 1980s. </div>
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The long Venetian domination had a very strong influence on local Greek language which absorbed a wide range of Italian words. One third of the words in the local Greek dialect of Corfú city are loanworded from the Italian language. </div>
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There are only a few Jews in Corfu city who speak today the Italkian, a Jewish language mixed with many Venetian words. </div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 20.93px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 27.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">References</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.93px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><div class="reflist" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.53px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 6.26px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 556.23px;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40.1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3.76px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tagliavini, Carlo. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Le origini delle lingue neolatine</i>, p. 149.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gray, Ezio. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Le terre nostre ritornano...Malta, Corsica, Nizza</i>, p. 92.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Vignoli Giulio. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa</i>, p. 132.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Durant. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Renaissance</i>, p. 684.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Randi, O. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni</i>, p. 49.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gray, Ezio. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Le terre nostre ritornano...Malta, Corsica, Nizza</i>, p. 118.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Seton-Watson. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925</i>, p. 236.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Vignoli Giulio <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gli Italiani Dimenticati. Minoranze Italiane In Europa</i>, p. 143.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gray, Ezio. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Le terre nostre ritornano... Malta, Corsica, Nizza</i>, p. 162.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gray, Ezio. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Le terre nostre ritornano...Malta, Corsica, Nizza</i>, p. 47.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Fortis, Umberto and Zolli, Paolo. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">La parlata giudeo-veneziana</i>, p. 73.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malta Migration</span> (<a href="http://www.maltamigration.com/history/exodus/chapter3-2.shtml"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://www.maltamigration.com/history/exodus/chapter3-2.shtml</span></a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Price, Charles. <i style="font-size: 12.53px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Malta and the Maltese: a study in nineteenth century migration</i>, p. 128.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 1.25px; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.53px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "georgia";"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "georgia" , "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">EFTHYMIOS TSILIOPOULOS: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.53px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: decimal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Kapodistrias was born on Kerkyra (Corfu) in 1776, the second child of Count Antonios Maria Kapodistrias. His mother, Adamantia Genome, hailed from Epirus. Originally, the Kapodistrias family was from the Adriatic city of Capo d'Istria (a port of a small island near Trieste), and its original name was Vitori. Centuries before the birth of Ioannis the family had moved to Kerkyra, where it embraced Orthodoxy and changed its name to that of its town of origin.</span></span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "tahoma"; font-size: 19px; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 23px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: dimgrey; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-86049295660478617022017-07-19T11:30:00.004-07:002017-07-19T14:24:31.573-07:00A WIKI GROUP (ATLAS ET AL) LINKED TO ISIS?<br />
Since 2015 I have seen that there it is a group inside English Wikipedia, that seems to support -and sometimes promote- the devilish ISIS and other Muslim terrorist organizations like Al Shabaab and Al Qaeda: please read <a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/05/middayexpress-and-al-shabaab-support.html">http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/05/middayexpress-and-al-shabaab-support.html </a>. The group is made by many users, from different countries and religions, but the most "aggressive" are: Atlas, Middayexpress, Acidsnow, Vituzzu, Elie plus and a few others....<br />
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One of the worst members of this group is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:A%E1%B9%ADlas">user Atlas </a>, that has started his writings in Wikipedia recently; but (with a "bit strange" time-coincidence) approximately after the days when one of the supporters of muslim fanatism inside Wikipedia, user:Middayexpress- was forced to witdraw.<br />
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Indeed "user Middayexpress" in that year even attacked with continuous "malignity" "user Oldsettler" accusing him of sockpuppetry until she obtained the help of wikimafia "user Vituzzu": she wanted and obtained to "decapitate without pity in Wikipedia" Oldsettler with the same kind of malignity & hate shown in Syria by ISIS terrorists. Oldsettler wrote "The malignity of this Middayexpress is unbelievable. Why against me? I have never done anything with him/her or against him/her, but -after obtaining to erase my dad's photo- now attacks me continuously repeating the same accusations again and again and again with his/her typical "byzantine phrases" full of the same things. I have read his/her 60 archives and I have found that he/she is a Somalian living in the UK (probably in the London area full of supporters of ISIS and that he/she has had "fightings" with many wikipedians. He/she has collected many blocks and menaces of blocks for his/her continuous edit-warrings and seems to promote muslim POVs in a way that remembers the religious fanatism: most important to me, he/she seems to "hate" colonialism and western colonialists, so probably he/she identifies me with the Italians who colonized Somalia....and this can explain his/her attacks against me." <br />
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Furthermore this Vituzzu is known in the Italian wiki as one of the main bosses of the “Italian wikimafia”. Some websites denounce him, like “Wikiperle” (read in Italian : htp://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/05/wikipedia-mai-criticare-la-famiglia.html) and “Perle Complottiste” (read: <a class="external free" href="http://complottismo.blogspot.com/search/label/Vituzzu?max-results=100" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://complottismo.blogspot.com/search/label/Vituzzu?max-results=100</span></a> ) <br />
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Anyway, many of the articles written by user Oldsettler were erased, even those that received 'Banstairs'....and this was (to me) the first clear indication that existed -inside en.wiki- a group of fanatical muslims, who were erasing everything that was showing the western presence in arab & muslim areas. For example the article about Berbers & Christianity ( read <a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html">http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html</a> ) was continuously erased in those months, showing the typical hate that characterized ISIS terror mentality.<br />
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....to be continued....<br />
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-31454982167940606582017-06-19T12:24:00.004-07:002020-11-23T12:35:21.837-08:00WHO IS "ONEL5969"?I am writing every month about some of the Wikipedia users & admins who are damaging this wonderful encyclopedia. My hope is that with my denounce these "bad" persons will stop -or will be stopped- soon or later. I know it is very difficult this task, but at least I try......however some of my friends gave me congratulations because the "Mafioso-ducetto" Vituzzu (boss in the Italian Wikipedia, to whom I dedicated my first issues in February of "MYBESTARTICLES") is angry against me in some Italian IRC discussions: evidently I have hit him very hard....<br />
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This month of July I am going to do a research about an en.wikipedia user nicknamed "Onel5969". <br />
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His name has no importance (I respect privacy; however it can be found easily in his first "user pages" of 2014 - even if he started writing on Wikipedia in 2009 and this huge gap is a bit "strange"). Onel5969 wrote that he was born in New York city in 1959. Indeed he has done more than 130000 posts and is "autoreviewer, extended-confirmed, patroller, reviewer, rollbacker" in the en.wikipedia. In other wikipedias he has no significative contributions, with the exception of "Commons".<br />
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I don't think he is like admin Doug Weller, who is the typical "Iamalwaysright" Wikipedia sysop, but they have some characteristics that are similar. For example Onel5969 states that he is "interested in History" and likes to drink (beers & wines), like Doug Weller likes archaeology and has problems of alcoholism. But what is more similar is that they both behave like "grumpy old men" against the persons who disagree with them in Wikipedia articles.<div><br /></div><div>Indeed one angry wikipedian defined him since 2014 (when he started writing on wikipedia): <span style="background-color: mintcream; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <i>Onel5969 is a Wikipedia editor with snobbery. He selectively apply rules to prevent people from making contributions so only those in his little club who he allow to play can participate.</i></span></div><div>
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Let me explain better, denouncing what has happened between me and this user Onel5969.<br />
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What made me upset was this request of semi-protection of the article "Italian Mare Nostrum" by Onel5969, that was absolutely not needed:<br />
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Italian_Mare_Nostrum"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Mare_Nostrum" title="Italian Mare Nostrum">Italian Mare Nostrum</a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Mare_Nostrum" title="Italian Mare Nostrum">Italian Mare Nostrum</a> <span class="plainlinks lx">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Mare_Nostrum&action=edit">edit</a> | <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Italian_Mare_Nostrum" title="Talk:Italian Mare Nostrum">talk</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Mare_Nostrum&action=history">history</a> | <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Italian_Mare_Nostrum" title="Special:WhatLinksHere/Italian Mare Nostrum">links</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Mare_Nostrum&action=watch">watch</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&page=Italian+Mare+Nostrum">logs</a>)</span></li>
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<b>Temporary semi-protection:</b> Persistent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">disruptive editing</a> – Slow, persistent reverts attempting to disregard consensus of merge discussion. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onel5969" title="User:Onel5969"><b><span style="color: #536895;">Onel</span><span style="color: #ffb300;">5969</span></b></a> <sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Onel5969" title="User talk:Onel5969"><i style="color: blue;">TT me</i></a></sup> 12:50, 19 June 2017 (UTC)<br />
<dl><dd><img alt="" data-file-height="249" data-file-width="249" height="20" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pictogram_voting_support.svg/20px-Pictogram_voting_support.svg.png" width="20" /> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Semi-protected</a></b> for a period of <b>2 days</b>, after which the page will be automatically unprotected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oshwah" title="User:Oshwah"><b><span style="color: #c00000;">~Oshwah~</span></b></a><sup><small><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oshwah" title="User talk:Oshwah"><span style="color: blue;">(talk)</span></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Oshwah" title="Special:Contributions/Oshwah"><span style="color: green;">(contribs)</span></a></b></small></sup> 15:21, 19 June 2017 (UTC)</dd><dd>--------------------------------------------------------<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></dd></dl>
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I was having a normal discussion with Onel5969 about the tricky cancellation of the article "Italian Mare Nostrum" by a <br />
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group of nationalists from former Jugoslavia.....and suddenly this Onel5969 started erasing all the article. It looked to me like he was upset because he was "connected/related" in some way to this group....<br />
It is a group (made by Director, Zenanarth, Zoupan, Srnec, Joy , Kubura and others slavs, who defend dictator Tito and his Jugoslavia in the articles of en.wiki) famous for his hate toward Italy and that continuously erase every references to the historical presence of Italian people in the Dalmatia & Istria regions.</div>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Final_Decision_on_.22Italian_Mare_Nostrum.22">I add now the conversation -quickly erased by Oneil5969- that I have had with him in his talk page...but why he erased all this? The only explanation is that he is "connected" to this group of leftist Marxists!!!</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline">Here it is the conversation on his talk page:</span></h2>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline">Final Decision on "Italian Mare Nostrum"</span></h2>
<i>Final decision</i>: The final decision was to <b>Keep</b><br />
<table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clipboard.svg" title="Articles for deletion"><img alt="Articles for deletion" data-file-height="48" data-file-width="48" height="35" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/35px-Clipboard.svg.png" width="35" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text">This page was nominated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">deletion</a> on 22 May 2008. The result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Italian_Mare_Nostrum" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Italian Mare Nostrum">the discussion</a> was <b>keep</b>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I have read in detail all the initial discussion to <i>KEEP</i>, and the following 2 discussion to merge and that had no result at all. How is it possible that just after one week that an article was allowed by discussion to be kept, suddenly are allowed to be done 2 additional requests to merge? So, why was done the first initial discussion that maintained the article? This looks like a tricky way to impose the wish of a NOTORIOUS group of yugoslavian users (from Director, to Zenanarh, to AlasdairGreen27, to Zoupan, to Joy, etc..), who have received harsh critics from the same Jimbo Wales (I can add data about these critics, if you want)! They hate Italy and do whatever they can to erase all that shows some good italian results in WW2......But what strikes me more is that this group gets the merge without any approval at all! Let's remember that the ONLY approval votation was the first, when was clearly stated that the result was <b>KEEP</b>....and finally, <i>what is wrong with the article? The same translated version is in the Spanish Wikipedia and it is accepted without problems: </i>consequently I have reverted for the last time (anyway, do whatever you wish in future, but remember that this group is doing huge falsifications in Wikipedia as can be read in the June issue of "il mio weblog aromuno": <a href="http://brunodam.blog.kataweb.it/2017/06/02/le-vergognose-falsificazioni-di-wikipedia/">http://brunodam.blog.kataweb.it/2017/06/02/le-vergognose-falsificazioni-di-wikipedia/</a>)........honestly, B.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17" title="Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">17.255.244.17</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:17.255.244.17#top" title="User talk:17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">talk</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">) </span><br />
<dl><dd>Honestly, B... please learn to sign your posts. As I said, the AfD result was to <b>keep</b>, but even in that AfD discussion there was an undercurrent to merge. The <b>TWO</b> following discussions regarding merging both resulted in a merge decision. Accept consensus, move on. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onel5969" title="User:Onel5969"><b><span style="color: #536895;">Onel</span><span style="color: #ffb300;">5969</span></b></a> <sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i style="color: blue;">TT me</i></a></sup> 21:25, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
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<dl><dd>At this point, your edits are becoming disruptive, as you are refusing to abide by consensus. As a result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Italian_Mare_Nostrum/Archive_4" title="Talk:Italian Mare Nostrum/Archive 4">this discussion</a>, the consensus was clearly to merge. Which has been done. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onel5969" title="User:Onel5969"><b><span style="color: #536895;">Onel</span><span style="color: #ffb300;">5969</span></b></a> <sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i style="color: blue;">TT me</i></a></sup> 21:31, 18 June 2017 (UTC)</dd></dl>
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Please, don't rush with your decisions. A Croatian group (that has received a lot of critics even from the same founder-owner of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales/Jimbo; read: Jimbo_Wales/Archive_144#Gathering_information_about_alleged_irregularities_on_Croatian_Wikipedia and 2013_issues_on_Croatian_Wikipedia) is responsible with MEATPUPPETRY of the two merger proposals. <b>I accept REAL AND VOTED consensus, not the one imposed by tricky meatpuppetry</b>. Read for example the article "Josiph Broz Tito" that they shamefully control: not one single word is allowed in the article about the hundred of thousands of deaths that academics in their books clearly write that this dictator has done. Honestly, B. <small class="autosigned">— Preceding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17" title="Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17">17.255.244.17</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:17.255.244.17#top" title="User talk:17.255.244.17">talk</a>) 21:41, 18 June 2017 (UTC)</small><br />
<dl><dd>And finally allow me to pinpoint that in "Talk:Italian Mare Nostrum/Archive 4|this discussion" on merge <b>THERE IT IS NO OPPOSITION AT ALL</b>, in perfect stalinist/titoist style...<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17" title="Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">17.255.244.17</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:17.255.244.17#top" title="User talk:17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">talk</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">) 22:41, 18 June 2017 (UTC)</span>
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Reverted again <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onel5969" title="User:Onel5969"><b><span style="color: #536895;">Onel</span><span style="color: #ffb300;">5969</span></b></a> <sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><i style="color: blue;">TT me</i></a></sup> <br />
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<dl><dd>Now I understand who you are: I am researching about you and writing the findings in my 'MYBESTARTICLES' issue for July ( " mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/ "). You remember me those Stalinist who accused to be 'crazy' those who did not agree with them: <b>SHAME ON YOU!</b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17" title="Special:Contributions/17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">17.255.244.17</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:17.255.244.17#top" title="User talk:17.255.244.17"><span style="color: #cc6611; font-size: x-small;">talk</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">) 23:48, 18 June 2017 (UTC)</span></dd></dl>
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Now I am searching the "connection/relations/contacts" between Onel5969 and the group of Tito supporters (Director, Zenanarh, Zoupan, Srnec, Joy, Kubura, etc...), that will explain the "strange" sudden erase of the article with the comments ........<br />
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<br /></div>addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-57970937354481152772017-06-01T09:35:00.000-07:002017-06-04T18:56:40.844-07:00WHO IS DOUG WELLER INSIDE WIKIPEDIA?This month of June I am going to write in detail about a controversial admin of the English Wikipedia, nicknamed Doug Weller and his group. His full name is Douglas Weller and was born in Miami (USA) 75 years ago. He lives as a retired person in Derbyshire (Great Britain) with his wife Helen and some dogs (no irony about his name "doug" being similar to "dog", of course). I am not going to write about his sexual orientation, because I respect everybody; but he has been harshly attacked by some persons like Matthew Hopkins (read details in <a href="http://matthewhopkinsnews.com/?p=1736">http://matthewhopkinsnews.com/?p=1736</a> ).<br />
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Hopkins wrote on his article titled "Paedophiles of Wikipedia" that admin Doug Weller -who is an 'Arbitration Committee member' of Wikipedia- "...should resign or be dismissed from ArbCom immediately. As for Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, he needs to immediately and permanently Block Doug Weller...." One of my friends (Vito G.) thinks that <span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: 11.999999046325684px;">Doug Weller is a "bully who believes the rules don't apply to him and he is always right" (a problem with many admins and arbs in general on Wikipedia).</span><br />
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Additionally Marinka van Dam wrote that "......<span style="font-size: 18px;">Doug Weller self-identifies on his user page only to the extent that he is <a data-link-type="website" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Doug_Weller/Userboxes&oldid=663938815" target="_blank">an academic</a>. His field would appear to be "Archaeology," though attempts to identify him from Google searches are inconclusive. A reasonable view would be that his claim to be an academic is authentic only to the extent that he holds a degree...<span style="font-size: 18px;">Doug Weller has been <a data-link-type="website" href="http://www.examiner.com/article/scandal-at-wikipedia" target="_blank">outed by <em>Examiner.com</em></a> (<a data-link-type="website" href="http://archive.is/yVYTF" target="_blank">archived</a>) as falsely representing his expertise. He was defended in a blog by <a data-link-type="website" href="http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/scott-wolter-and-richard-thornton-accuse-wikipedia-cherokees-and-forest-service-of-anti-wolter-conspiracy" target="_blank">Jose Colavito</a>. The matter was aired in a <a data-link-type="website" href="http://wikipediocracy.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=6039" target="_blank">Wikipediocracy thread</a>, eventually locked by a moderator. We don't believe Doug Weller significantly misrepresents his expertise, though as noted above his claim to be an academic appears to be a bit of a stretch. There is, however, a <a data-link-type="website" href="http://wikipediasucks.boards.net/post/3914/thread" target="_blank">very hostile page about him at RationalWiki</a>.....</span><span style="font-size: 18px;">We believe the Wikipedia accounts <a data-link-type="website" href="http://marinkavandam.com/randy-from-boise.html" target="_self">Randy from Boise</a> and <a data-link-type="website" href="http://marinkavandam.com/c1cada.html" target="_self">Xanthomelanoussprog</a>, both of which have trolled our editors, are socks of Doug Weller. We believe the moniker "Xanthomelanoussprog" is a jocular reference to Doug's sandy hair and florid complexion, as can be seen in the image he provides for his <em>Academia.edu</em> account</span>." (read more, with his photo at <a href="http://marinkavandam.com/doug-weller.html">http://marinkavandam.com/doug-weller.html</a> )....."</span><br />
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Of course I have to admit that Doug Weller has been defending serious archaeology from many attacks (sometimes ridiculous), since the early 2000s at least: he has done a nice list of links at <a href="http://www.ramtops.co.uk/">http://www.ramtops.co.uk/</a> , even if a bit incomplete.<br />
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Anyway sometimes he falls in the ridiculous (for an academic from Yale, as he proudly states of himself: but he did only some courses!) like here in <a href="http://www.atlantisquest.com/Sifrala.html#back1">http://www.atlantisquest.com/Sifrala.html#back1</a> : ..."Doug Weller, an editor on the Wikipedia staff, has made the totally unsupported statement that Mr. David Hatcher Childress (a proponent of ancient aircraft ) <i>invented the Safr'ala</i>, which would be quite an accomplishment, as Mr. Hatcher was born in 1957! He couldn't have been more than two years old when Dr. Ibn A'haron's translation of the Sifr'ala first appeared in print...." <br />
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In a few words Douglas Weller has also been defined as "....an <i>old</i>, creaky, unrepentant Wikipedia administrator/crapmonkey from the UK. He's mainly interested in archaeology and anthropology.... He's been trolling <a href="https://encyclopediadramatica.rs/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> on the subject for more than 20 years, and left a trail of ruined careers and furious "actual experts" in his wake. (He claims he "dropped out of Yale" as if we were supposed to give him extra credit for failing.) On his user page, Doug tells us "he's number #190 in the list of most active wikipedians". Doug's flaws don't stop there - he's also a bitter old Lefty. Doug doesn't particularly like his own country or culture, and he uses wikipedia to express that attitude......" And -sincerely- this anti-American behavior could be defined as "Treason" by a US patriot!<br />
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Of course, Weller's authority at debunking "fringe archaeology" and other topics arises from his position as administrator and arbitrator at Wikipedia, where he has the power to wipe out whatever he disbelieves. And this aggressive "cancellation" is what happened to me when I wrote something about the possibility that the ancient Romans could have reached the Caribbean islands. <br />
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First of all I want to repeat and pinpoint in detail what has happened to me (nicknamed initially "Brunodam" since 2005) in Wikipedia when I was banned forever in 2007 in a shameful way:<br />
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<span style="color: black;">".....</span>Two relatives/friends from Italy came to spend a summer in 2007 at Brunodam's house in south Florida. They spent some months posting with him on Salerno topics on the Italian Wikipedia from his home (using his same modem, of course). An Italian wiki admin did not believe that they were 3 different persons and blocked them: they offered to send copies of their passports & identifications and to talk by phone to show that they were not the same persons, but he kept blocking them. Brunodam then got enraged and "hinted" (and it is noteworthy to pinpoint that he only HINTED the possibility) that he was thinking of getting help from an attorney in order to defend himself from these offensive accusations.......and suddenly he got BANNED FOREVER! No possibility of defending himself, and the same happened for his 2 relatives who got astonished by all this excessive punishment! Brunodam quickly wrote to the "bad & angry" Italian admin Trixt (decorated with the "evil" barnstar! <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utente:Trixt&diff=12537949&oldid=12410290"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utente:Trixt&diff=12537949&oldid=12410290</span></a> ), who banned him forever (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_utente:Trixt&diff=next&oldid=7606637"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_utente:Trixt&diff=next&oldid=7606637</span></a> ). He explained that he only hinted a selfdefense and did not want to menace a legal suit against the Italian wikipedia, and some time later he also wrote to Jimbo - the wiki founder ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Brunodam&oldid=503819408"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Brunodam&oldid=503819408</span></a> ) - when he was banned even in the English wikipedia for the same reason. But he got always blocked and blocked and blocked and blocked every tentative of communication and possible solution....Since then Brunodam -enraged by this complete lack of justice with him- started to write more and more on many wikipedias, as a reaction....."<br />
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Indeed I have written more than 130000 user contributions using many nicknames, but I have never "sabotaged" Wikipedia: all my writings were done in order to improve Wikipedia, mainly with articles related to Italy and to the fathers of the Italians, the old Romans. Last but not least it is noteworthy to pinpoint that I am graduated 'summa cum laude' from the Genova university (in northern Italy) and I have a MBA from a Los Angeles university (in California, USA): this fact means that I have plenty of knowledge about how to write articles with professionality (indeed I also published some works, edited by the Genova university).<br />
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Now let me explain all the astonishing mess around a few paragraphs I have added with my nicknames to an article called "Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories" (before reappeared steward Vituzzu, a Mafioso I have already denounced last February 2017 <a href="http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/02/many-critics-to-steward-vituzzu.html">http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/02/many-critics-to-steward-vituzzu.html</a> and in urgent need of psychiatric therapy according to a professor of the 'University Cattaneo' <a href="http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/02/vito-cricca.html">http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/02/vito-cricca.html</a> ):<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
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All started because I added on may 25, 2017 this small excerpt quickly deleted by "Iamalwaysright" Doug Weller.<br />
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"....Furthermore, in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> mural is seen a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> (an american fruit) and even in the mosaic of the "Palazzo Massimo alle Terme" of Rome, a pineapple is visible <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories&diff=prev&oldid=782114365#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> These mosaics are considered proof of transatlantic commerce by some experts, like pomologist Domenico Casella<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories&diff=prev&oldid=782114365#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> Critics complain that the Pompeii "pineapple" is likely to be a pine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a>, but the shape seems to confirm to be an american fruit.....<b>Additionally other "pineapples" have been found, like the one in a Swiss museum </b> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories&diff=next&oldid=782222838#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup>......"<br />
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And this is the photo -taken in a swiss museum- of a small statue of a roman boy with an ananas in his left hand: Doug Weller (and his group) seems to "hate" it because it is another proof that Ancient Romans had pineapples, an American fruit that was believed to have been brought to Europe from America only after Columbus discovery:<br />
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<a href="http://epochtimes.it/news_images/2013/09/2013_09_17_figura9_rsz_crp_crp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://epochtimes.it/news_images/2013/09/2013_09_17_figura9_rsz_crp_crp.jpg" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="700" height="285" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.lsdmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/resizephp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.lsdmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/resizephp.jpg" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="300" height="320" width="201" /></a></div>
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Now I want to make a few considerations about this image:<br />
1) Romans were very realistic while pragmatically making their statues. So, they used to represent only something really important: why the statue should show a simple and very common pine cone? Nobody in Rome would appreciate this pine cone, of course! But an exotic fruit from distant shores would be proudly shown by a roman boy in a roman statue, don't you agree?<br />
2) The roman boy in his right hand has something that looks like a dish (or a cover of a dish). May be he was a young servant bringing the pineapple to be eaten? <br />
3) The pineapple looks very similar to a Puerto Rican pineapple called "Red Spanish". See image at the bottom of the article. To the reader the final judgement! <br />
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Finally, I want to add something I wrote in the discussion page of the wiki Noteboard and partially erased by Doug Weller (because evidently he cannot accept that he is wrong sometimes):<br />
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A)...."....Sincerely I only added some information about "another pineapple". I don't want to promote any "fringe theory"! I think that Elio Cadelo is a famous journalist in Italy (of the RAI, the official Italian Radio-TV institution: he is "Scrittore, Caporedattore giornale radio Rai per la scienza e l'ambiente") who is well accepted & judged in historian circles of Italy. So, for me he is a "Reliable source for claims of other pineapples: Elio Cadelo has won the Premio ENEA 1999 (please read <a class="external free" href="https://www.ibs.it/libri/autori/Elio%20Cadelo" rel="nofollow">https://www.ibs.it/libri/autori/Elio%20Cadelo</a>", as I wrote). Here it is a video where Cadelo comments his book about the Romans in America in the "Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici e Geografici": <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXIcaQx8Iic" rel="nofollow">[13]</a>. It is in Italian, but I can give a translation if requested. Anyway, I just wanted to add this information...and nothing else....(but allow me to add that the pineapple shown in the hands of the roman kid inside the Geneva museum (see <a class="external free" href="http://www.lsdmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/resizephp.jpg" rel="nofollow">http://www.lsdmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/resizephp.jpg</a> and that was quickly made disappear by Doug Weller) has no round "grapes" near his hand like the wine-grape fruit, but "rectangular pieces" that looks astonishingly similar to this photo of an<br />
ananas:<a class="external free" href="https://avatanplus.com/files/resources/mid/573ecbf4cac11154cd4cb45e.png" rel="nofollow">https://avatanplus.com/files/resources/mid/573ecbf4cac11154cd4cb45e.png</a> <a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pineapple_in_hand.jpg"><img alt="Pineapple in hand.jpg" data-file-height="3920" data-file-width="2204" height="36" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pineapple_in_hand.jpg/20px-Pineapple_in_hand.jpg" width="20" /></a>). And we know that ananas is a fruit that can survive many weeks of travel, with only the loss of the green leaves....So, I think this Wikipedia article must add evidences like these pineapples and not only evidences about "Claims involving California canoes" & "Claims involving chickens". Regards to all of you...."<br />
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B)...."...So, in your opinion what is in the hands of the roman kid? At this point I like to leave all this mess. All this attacks -that is what I feel, sincerely- are on a simple refusal to allow that something roman can have reached America, but if it is Phoenician or Chinese or Polynesian....well that's acceptable. This reminds me the discussion (on academic circles, of course) about the latin word "perdomita", related to the fact that Britain -according to Tacitus who wrote "Britannia perdomita, sed olim missa est" (Britain was totally conquered but quickly was lost)- was fully conquered by the roman Agricola. As you probably know the british circles of historians linked to the "glory" of the British empire cannot accept that the word perdomita is made in latin from the words "PERfecta DOMInaTA" (meaning 'completely dominated' in classical latin) and so they deny the total conquest of Britain by Agricola. So, as written before, I like to leave all this mess & these attacks: I semi-retire from Wikipedia...."<br />
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C)...."...So some users and admin Doug Weller have obtained to impose what they wanted. Congratulations....But at the end nobody has answered my question: in your opinion what is in the hands of the roman kid in the Geneva museum?......obviously it can be ONLY an ananas from America! My last four cents with the same words of Galileo to the abuses of the Inquisition: EPPUR SI MUOVE....and at the end all of us admit that he was right!. So, in a similar way I am sure soon or later the truth about these pineapples in roman hands will come out.."<br />
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D)...."... I am totally sure it is an ananas, because of the pineapple rectangular pieces near the kid hand that cannot be dimples grapes but only pieces of leaves in the first stages of decomposition (probably this fruit was many weeks old). Here it is an image that shows the leaves falling: the first line of leaves covers the top of the ananas "dimples" (<a class="external autonumber" href="https://images.hayneedle.com/mgen/imagebywidth.ms?img=master:LB096.jpg&w=1000&minh=600&maxh=1200" rel="nofollow">[17]</a>). I also remember the ananas of the Geneva museum was very similar to those imported from Puerto Rico: it is a species of pineapple imported in Switzerland.<br />
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As we know Christopher Columbus introduced pineapples to Europe when he brought one as a gift to Spain's Queen Isabella from the island of Guadeloupe in 1493. The Spanish, who were greatly intrigued by the exotic appearance of pineapples, first named it “Pine of the Indies” because of its resemblance to a pine cone. The "ananas comosus" is the scientific name of this tropical fruit, and the most famous species in Europe is the one imported from the Caribbean: the "Red Spanish" (like the one shown at the bottom of this article, and that is very similar to the one in the Swiss Musem). But admin Doug Weller may also deny all these facts, who knows?<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/c/e/century_foxx/ananas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/c/e/century_foxx/ananas.jpg" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="234" /></a></div>
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Another thing that strikes me it is that this 'Iamalwaysright' Doug Weller works in the article called "Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories" in complete symbiosis with a group of wikipedians (like the "human rat" nicknamed User:MjolnirPants and others like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Agricolae">User:Agricolae</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gamall_Wednesday_Ida">User:Gamall Wednesday Ida</a> and partially even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Slatersteven">User:Slatersteven</a>) . Of course, we all know that this in Wikipedia is called MEAT PUPPETRY! Indeed the Wikipedia rules are that "<b><u>additional users who engage in the same behavior as an user in the same context, and who appear to be editing a Wikipedia article solely for the purpose of promoting the cause of this user, are doing something ILLEGAL that has the name "Meat puppetry" (and they can also be accused of doing "Canvassing")</u></b> ". But Doug Weller seems enraged only if somebody like me- forced to use many nicknames since 2007, because of the lack of justice that I have shown above- does the so called sock puppetry.<br />
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Evidently the wiki rules apply for others (who do sock puppetry as the only way to defend themselves inside wikipedia) but not for him (who does meat puppetry in a shamelessly way).....Honestly, this is a strange kind of interpretation of the justice, typical of some wiki admins with their abuses!!!<br />
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com47tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-42807181486341251282017-05-11T11:56:00.002-07:002017-05-16T09:02:27.379-07:00WIKI'S JKBW: ANOTHER NATIONALIST (AND MAY BE A NEONAZI)?It seems that in the Spanish Wikipedia there it is a German nationalist nicknamed "Jkbw", that is spreading some ideals from Berlin.<br />
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The first thing that strikes me is that Jkbw (user identification site: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario:Jkbw">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario:Jkbw</a>) shows a tag pinpointing that has only a basic knowledge of the spanish language, but Jkbw has done in the sp. wiki the huge amount of 254710 edit counts by may 2017 (and is also a "patroller, rollbacker"). How is it possible? A person with elementary knowledge of a language cannot write so many articles and posts.....something is smelling "dirty & fishy" here, don't you agree?<br />
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The second thing that hits me is that Jkbw is always promoting the German subjects & topics. And not only German but also Austrian. For example Jkbw is always erasing in the Spanish Wikipedia the references to the "Alto Adige": only allows the name "Tyrol", even if in topics related to History. <br />
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Of course we must remember that in all the Alto Adige region the autochthonous language was the romance language called "Ladin", but after the year 1000 AD there has been a process of "Germanization" that has nearly always been imposed by force (with often the obligation to use only the German language). Like in the Val Venosta (read <a href="http://www.vejin.com/venosta.html">http://www.vejin.com/venosta.html</a> ), a valley area west of Bolzano where the last Ladins disappeared in the 1920s.<br />
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Indeed we all know that there it is a decision -done in 2009 by the Austrian nationalists of the <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Südtiroler Volkspartei</i></span> of the Italian Alto Adige- which precisely states that all the Italian names in Alto Adige must soon or later disappear (read <a href="http://formiche.net/2017/02/13/appello-per-salvare-nomi-italiani-alto-adige-intervenga-la-corte-costituzionale/">http://formiche.net/2017/02/13/appello-per-salvare-nomi-italiani-alto-adige-intervenga-la-corte-costituzionale/</a> ) , from railway stations names to a simple name on a public encyclopedia like Wikipedia. And Jkbw is doing very well the nationalistic "job" related to this decision, requesting continuously the erase of the name Alto Adige from the sp. wikipedia with reversal of posts (see <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Adige&action=history">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Adige&action=history</a> and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Adigio&action=history">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Adigio&action=history</a> ) <br />
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But why Jkbw does all this?<br />
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The answer could be found in the huge amount of medical contributions Jkbw did and does in the ''Cure Award'' of the WikiProjectMedicine: he is # 66 of the list of the top contributors (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2015_(all)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2015_(all)</a> ) and this made me check up the life of this person from Berlin.<br />
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So, I found that Jkbw is an old retired "Berliner", who become a physicist more than 40 years ago and seems to have been related to "neo-nazi" organizations when was young. <br />
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And Jkbw also pinpoints in the sp. wikipedia's usuario page that has a page in Yddish wikipedia ( "Este usuario tiene <a class="extiw" href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jkbw" title="yi:User:Jkbw">una página</a> en la <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_en_yidis" title="Wikipedia en yidis">Wikipedia en yidis</a>" ): indeed, why to pinpoint something totally secondary and insignificant? may be as a possible cover-up of neonazi ideals?<br />
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Of course, Jkbw is not a former Nazi like the "discovered" owner of IKEA (read: <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8720214/IKEA-founder-was-Nazi-recruiter.html">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8720214/IKEA-founder-was-Nazi-recruiter.html</a> ), but it seems that was linked to neo-Nazis in Berlin some decades ago: I am investigating what seems to bring more surprises about this Jkbw, who was astonishingly requested to become a Sysop/administrator of the Spanish wikipedia last year ( <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usuario_discusi%C3%B3n:Jkbw/Archivo_6_(2016)&diff=91295410&oldid=91274330">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usuario_discusi%C3%B3n:Jkbw/Archivo_6_(2016)&diff=91295410&oldid=91274330</a> )<br />
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What strikes me is the similarity of Jkbw tactics of diffamation and of creation of "lies that would become truths" inside sp. Wikipedia, with those made by Nazism: these Jkbw tactics are totally similar to what used to do Nazi Goebbels & Himmler who declared that with propaganda they could obtain whatever wanted, even change the truth. So they used to "create" a scapegoat/accusation against a person -for example- and then enlarge all this attack with many other repetitions until the person was judged badly by the community. This tactic was used mainly against jews and communists in Nazi Germany, but was sadly imitated and improved by the Stalin's KGB. So, in Spanish wiki this user Jkbw continuously uses the trick of remembering that I was "banned" (and of course Jkbw omits that I was banned with a complete lack of justice and without any reason at all!) so that he can revert & obtain all he wants from unaware sysops.<br />
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Also in the de.wiki the nationalist Jkbw uses the same trick of repeating the accusation against me of "banned" and omits the complete lack of justice that I have suffered. Here it is a translation in English from his discussion page:<br />
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"....Please read <a class="external autonumber" href="http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/03/kmhkmh.html" rel="nofollow">[33]</a>. It is about me and also about Vituzzu.......I don't want problems with you (I sincerely appreciate your writings). B <small>(<i>nicht <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Signatur" title="Hilfe:Signatur">signierter</a> Beitrag von</i> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:Beitr%C3%A4ge/65.15.41.178" title="Spezial:Beiträge/65.15.41.178">65.15.41.178</a> (<a class="new" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:65.15.41.178&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Benutzer Diskussion:65.15.41.178 (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Diskussion</a>) 22:41, 10. Mai 2017.)</small><br />
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See also en:Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Brunodam, etc..<br />
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@<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Kmhkmh" title="Benutzer:Kmhkmh">Kmhkmh</a>: <span id="result_box" lang="en">Hello, probably you already know the above blog entry, if not: FYI. Greetings from Berlin</span>--<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Jkbw" title="Benutzer:Jkbw">Jkbw</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Diskussion</a>) 00:41, 11. Mai 2017 (CEST)</div>
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<span id="result_box" lang="en">Thanks for the hint. The guy had already posted his "Bolgeintrag" on my user page on en.wp. Where did you hit him? Is he around de.wiki now?</span>--<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Kmhkmh" title="Benutzer:Kmhkmh">Kmhkmh</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Kmhkmh" title="Benutzer Diskussion:Kmhkmh">Diskussion</a>) 03:28, 11. Mai 2017 (CEST)</div>
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@<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Kmhkmh" title="Benutzer:Kmhkmh">Kmhkmh</a>: <span id="result_box" lang="en">No, he wants to spread his irredentism in the Spanish Wikipedia for years, fortunately only at a fairly low frequency. Currently, he wants to get rid of his article again: Alto Adige. greetings</span>--<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Jkbw" title="Benutzer:Jkbw">Jkbw</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Diskussion</a>) 03:38, 11. Mai 2017 (CEST)</div>
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Ok....you wanted it! I have started a research on you (see <a class="external free" href="http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/05/another-nationalist-and-may-be-neonazi.html" rel="nofollow">http://mynewbestarticles.blogspot.com/2017/05/another-nationalist-and-may-be-neonazi.html</a> ) and I found very interesting things about your life when young: are you a cover-up neonazi?--<a class="new" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Noaneonazis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Benutzer:Noaneonazis (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Noaneonazis</a> (<a class="new" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Noaneonazis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Benutzer Diskussion:Noaneonazis (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Diskussion</a>) 14:26, 12. Mai 2017 (CEST)</div>
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I see that I just hit you in the center of your nationalist and possibly Nazi soul, because of the way you reacted in "Bibliotecarios/Violaciones de etiqueta"...... and that makes me very happy (LOL) because you deserve it. So you'll "understand" what means to have been slandered with defamatory libels like was done to me in en.wiki in 2007, without me having any guilt. B.<span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">nicht </span><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Signatur" title="Hilfe:Signatur"><span style="font-size: x-small;">signierter</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Beitrag von</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:Beitr%C3%A4ge/65.15.41.178" title="Spezial:Beiträge/65.15.41.178"><span style="font-size: x-small;">65.15.41.178</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><a class="new" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:65.15.41.178&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Benutzer Diskussion:65.15.41.178 (Seite nicht vorhanden)"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Diskussion</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">) 10:41, 16. Mai 2017.)..................."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">From the above excerpts it is easy to understand that Jkbw is irritated because of my blog about him (that is being followed by many persons in the de & sp. Wikipedia, according to 291 count data on the Statistics/Traffic Sources of this weblog "Mybestarticles" )</span></div>
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(to be continued.....)addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-27730015012410198072017-03-24T16:53:00.000-07:002017-04-10T11:13:11.760-07:00WIKIPEDIA'S USER:"Kmhkmh"<span style="background-color: red;"></span><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b><b></b>I am astonished by the behavior in English Wikipedia of a German mathematician (I surmise he is one, of course, believing what he wrote of himself)......he seems to forget totally the "Third law of Newton". This Wikipedia user, who identifies himself as "<span style="color: #cc0000;">Kmhkmh"</span>, thinks that he can hurt other Wikipedians and forgets that soon or later they can return the "kindness" and hit him (like in the famous Third Law of the British genius) with the same level of attack. <br />
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Indeed we say in Italy: "Ad ogni azione corrisponde una reazione uguale e contraria" (that in English is translated: to every action there it is a reaction <span class="mw-headline" id=".27Equal_and_opposite.27">'equal and opposite') </span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span>and this is one of the reasons we pay attention when hitting other persons (from simple human relationships to terrible wars). But he is German and evidently attacks without remembering this third law: it seems to me that some Germans like Kmhkmh have not learned the lessons of WW1 and WW2, when they attacked in bloody wars and later received the terrible reaction that we all know.<br />
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Allow me to explain better what has happened:<br />
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1) First of all I want to pinpoint in detail what has happened to "Brunodam" in Wikipedia when he was banned forever in 2007 in a shameful way:<br />
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<span style="color: black;">"....</span>Two relatives/friends from Italy came to spend a summer in 2007 at Brunodam's house in south Florida. They spent some months posting with him on Salerno topics on the Italian Wikipedia from his home (using his same modem, of course). An Italian wiki admin did not believe that they were 3 different persons and blocked them: they offered to send copies of their passports & identifications and to talk by phone to show that they were not the same persons, but he kept blocking them. Brunodam then got enraged and "hinted" (and it is noteworthy to pinpoint that he only HINTED the possibility) that he was thinking of getting help from an attorney in order to defend himself from these offensive accusations.......and suddenly he got BANNED FOREVER! No possibility of defending himself, and the same happened for his 2 relatives who got astonished by all this excessive punishment!<br />
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Brunodam wrote to the "bad & angry" Italian admin Trixt (decorated with the "evil" barnstar! <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utente:Trixt&diff=12537949&oldid=12410290">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utente:Trixt&diff=12537949&oldid=12410290</a> ), who banned him forever (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_utente:Trixt&diff=next&oldid=7606637">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_utente:Trixt&diff=next&oldid=7606637</a> ). He explained that he only hinted a selfdefense and did not want to menace a legal suit against the Italian wikipedia, and some time later he also wrote to Jimbo ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Brunodam&oldid=503819408">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Brunodam&oldid=503819408</a> ) when he was banned even in the English wikipedia for the same reason. But he got always blocked and blocked and blocked and blocked every tentative of communication and possible solution...."<br />
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Since then Brunodam -enraged by this complete lack of justice with him- started to write more and more on many wikipedias, as a reaction. He has written more than 130000 user contributions using many nicknames, but he has never "sabotaged" Wikipedia: all his writings were done in order to improve Wikipedia, mainly with articles related to Italy and to the fathers of the Italians, the old Romans. Last but not least it is noteworthy to pinpoint that Brunodam is graduated summa cum laude from the Genova university (in northern Italy) and has a MBA from a Los Angeles university (in California, USA): this fact means that he has plenty of knowledge about how to write articles with professional notes and references (indeed he has also published some works, edited by the Genova university).<br />
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2) In summer 2014 Kmhkmh attacked me in the article Diana Veteranorum of the English Wikipedia. He even went so far as to request opinions against me in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Classical_Greece_and_Rome/Archive_22#Diana_Veteranorum">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Classical_Greece_and_Rome/Archive_22#Diana_Veteranorum</a><br />
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His main attack was because "...I keep adding questionable sources, instead of recent up-to-date scholarly literature...and insist on using material from 19th century travel guide.", but the final result of the discussion was: "<i>The consensus was that no source should be dismissed because of age</i>." <br />
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I decided not to have a reaction to his attack and wrote only: "WOW...here we have continuous talk around the same thing....Kmhkmh you write kms and kms of the same thing in order to get what you want...OK. I give up with your POVs....Good luck " and later I added "It is astonishing to see that Kmhkmh keeps "fighting" against the opinion of 4 or 5 wikipedians (like P Aculeius and others) and keeps not accepting the point of view of the clear majority. He is alone with his POV and now he even goes to another wiki site (Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard) to create more mess. IMHO this is the kind of stuff/problems that pushes wikipedians out of Wikipedia!...Allow me to repeat for the last time that <i>We care about serious sources, nothing else</i>....." <br />
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But he kept creating mess & problems until the mafioso Vituzzu "appeared" (from Noticeboard) and erased a lot of articles, created using many nicknames (like Cresthaven: <a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pages/index.php?user=Cresthaven&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia&namespace=0&redirects=noredirects">https://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pages/index.php?user=Cresthaven&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia&namespace=0&redirects=noredirects</a> ). Articles that were accepted by other wikipedians and even received "Awards & Barnstars"!<br />
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What was the behavior of Kmhkmh about what he did to Wikipedia? Nothing. He did or said nothing at all, not even a simple "sorry" (for the mess that attracted the Vituzzu's attention and resulted in so many valuable articles erased).<br />
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And later he defiantly wrote at the end of the above named discussion:"For future reference I'd like to point out that the creator of Diana Veteranorum is apparently sock puppet of the banned user Brunodam". But, of course, I did not create the article! It was Kmhkmh who created the first 2000 bytes of Diana Veteranorum. Furthermore, this mistake clearly shows how this mathematician (sic!) is SUPERFICIAL & WRONG IN HIS WRITINGS!!!!<br />
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Furthermore, as was stated by another wikipedian named Darfrog24: "Being old is not by itself indicative that a source is not reliable." But for Kmhkmh only what he decides as reliable counts: he is the ruler & master who decides for all of us. And may be even for Caesar, who knows....<br />
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Indeed Julius Caesar wrote a kind of "diary" of his travels & military campaigns called DE BELLO GALLICO. In this "travel" book (a bit similar to the one of Vereker about Diana Veteranorum) he wrote the ONLY reference we have about his initial expedition to the British isles in 55 BC. I am sure Kmhkmh would complain that the source on this expedition was "outdated" and "not confirmed by other writers of those years". So Kmhkmh would find inappropriate to accept the reference on Wikipedia of what only Caesar wrote!!!! Kmhkmh could argue that this first landing near Dover could have been an "invention" of Caesar.......<br />
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Astonishing, don't you agree?<br />
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As Wikipedia user Onomaticus wrote: "They claimed Brunodam's articles were "erroneous". These are articles that won Barnstars and Awards and were widely read and they even dare to say "erroneous". It is like every single observable speck of logic is against them. They are not just wrong in the bigger picture, they are wrong at every single level at this one." <br />
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Additionally Kmhkmh wrote that I do "insufficient sourcing and falsely summarizing sources", but I found that he is FALSE when attributing to himself to have done a lot for the article Diana Veteranorum. He boasts to have contributed "significantly" to it ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kmhkmh/articles">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kmhkmh/articles</a> ), but he only rewrote some excerpts and did the initial two thousand bytes.....anyway I am going to write more about this problem of falsification on the following months....<br />
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<br />addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-65933612692875367192017-02-20T14:49:00.000-08:002017-06-01T15:20:26.602-07:00MANY CRITICS AGAINST STEWARD VITUZZU<h2 class="date-header">
The following are four articles about some of the many critics that can be found on the internet against the STEWARD VITUZZU:</h2>
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<a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/11/more-worldwide-complaints-against.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">MORE WORLDWIDE COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE UNCIVIL VITO</span></a> </h3>
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In the Italian Wikipedia there it is an admin nicknamed "Vituzzu", who seems to rule this wiki like a little Mafia boss (please read last month issue of "Manmer2015" about this problem). His name is Vito and he is shamelessly protected by top managers of Italian Wikimedia, probably because of his socio-political leftist/marxist agenda....but in the last months he has also been active in the English Wikipedia, damaging with his mafia "hate" some users who are complaining in angry ways. <br />
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So, I am going to write about 2 of them: one in England (Onomaticus) and the other in South America (Ulf Erlingsson).<br />
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The first is user Onomaticus (read my August 2015 issue about "Onomaticus: a case of lack of justice"), an English wikiuser who -after blocked forever by Vito's "orders" last summer - wrote:<br />
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<cite class="user"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/14492671409232195224" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Onomaticus</span></a></cite><span class="icon user"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text"><a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html?showComment=1440407388470#c8243814004995821093" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">August 24, 2015 at 2:09 AM</span></a></span></div>
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Hey. I'm Onomaticus. Email me at randomknighte@gmail.com<br />
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I took a break from Wiki for 3 weeks. I got fed up with those admins.</div>
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<cite class="user"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/14492671409232195224" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Onomaticus</span></a></cite><span class="icon user"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text"><a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html?showComment=1440407437754#c8878383380170568856" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">August 24, 2015 at 2:10 AM</span></a></span></div>
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Onomaticus here, no jokes, came across this article.<br />
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Yes I am in Britain. It is indeed ridiculous to imply Brunodam, some guy in the States, is the same person as me. As if he moved to Britain just to write an article.</div>
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<cite class="user"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/14492671409232195224" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Onomaticus</span></a></cite><span class="icon user"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text"><a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html?showComment=1440407608904#c3861092895267761771" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">August 24, 2015 at 2:13 AM</span></a></span></div>
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Now according to Wikipedia one is not allowed to have more than one account. But it is even this Tokyogirl who has more than one account blatantly and she has said so. The same is with JamesBWatson.<br />
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Whats this? I cannot have an account to make myself seem like more than one person? So they think Brunodam, in apparently making new accounts after his block, which he didn't, is trying to make it look like there is more than one of him by only using one account at a time?<br />
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Doesn't even make any sense. Even their own logic doesn't work out.</div>
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<cite class="user"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/14492671409232195224" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Onomaticus</span></a></cite><span class="icon user"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text"><a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html?showComment=1440407857060#c6723374004038868652" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">August 24, 2015 at 2:17 AM</span></a></span></div>
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Gotta love the ad hominem in Wikipedia. So if somebody is accused of an offence, everything they have ever done is sinful, regardless of whether they have contributed enormously or not. Instead of just banning Brunodam, they have to remove all traces of him on Wikipedia, even articles that won AWARDS & BARNSTARS.<br />
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<b>Is this Stalin's Russia? </b>What game are they onto? Their warped logic allows for every action somebody has done to be incorrect just because they have broken one tiny and pathetic rule? <br />
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I'm not Brunodam. So they accused me of being Brunodam, but why delete all that I have done?<br />
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They claimed Brunodam's articles were "erroneous". These are articles that won barnstars and awards and were widely read and they even dare to say "erroneous". It is like every single observable speck of logic is against them. They are not just wrong in the bigger picture, they are wrong at every single level at this one. </div>
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<cite class="user"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/14492671409232195224" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Onomaticus</span></a></cite><span class="icon user"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text"><a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html?showComment=1440408026570#c7827168098446412834" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">August 24, 2015 at 2:20 AM</span></a></span></div>
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Their basis for thinking I was Brunodam was the fact we both were interested in the Romans.<br />
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Their logic allows for two people, even if they are thousands of miles apart, to be the same person just because they are interested in Roman history. Not even that, they thought I was Brunodam as I mentioned "seen many times on Wikipedia". That could mean anything! I was referring to previous edit wars I had seen before I had an account.<br />
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Tokyogirl logic: Anyone on Wikipedia who likes Roman history and has been on Wikipedia before, even if just to spectate, must be Brunodam. They must be blocked. Not just blocked, not even allowed to appeal. And their IP should be blocked too. They should not even be replied to or allowed to speak to anyone. They are of course Brunodam. Even if they are in 57 different countries at once. Yes, Brunodam is everywhere. He is an evil entity who is trying to attack me with Roman wikipedia articles.</div>
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Furthermore I want to pinpoint that the talk page of user Onomaticus has been erased (by the gang related to the Mafioso Vituzzu) , because he wrote there with clear proofs his own defense : see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Onomaticus&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Onomaticus&action=edit&redlink=1</span></a>, where an admin named Rjd0060 on October 16, 2015 has made disappear all evidences......<br />
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But even others in the world are complaining against this Mafioso Vito: this is the case of south american wikiusers. Indeed my second "user-example" is Ulf Erlingsson (<a href="http://blog.erlingsson.com/?p=4373"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://blog.erlingsson.com/?p=4373</span></a>), who wrote that:</div>
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"....Wikipedia knowingly slanders political prisoner....</h2>
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As I <a href="http://blog.erlingsson.com/?p=3705"><span style="color: #cc6611;">reported</span></a> in July 2010, Italian Wikipedia contains libelous claims about Alejandro Peña Esclusa, who is a political prisoner in Hugo Chávez’ Venezuela, a country that from now is a Soviet-style communist dictatorship. Yet, as late as today Italian Wikipedia blocks every attempt to remove the slander, even though they have been given proof that it is a lie.....The last attempt to remove the slander was made on New Years Eve....two minutes later the Wikipedia editor Vituzzu not only reinserted the paragraph without explanation, but also blocked the user from editing both the article, and also the discussion page. Vituzzu thereby ensured that the blocked user can’t complain, or request that Wikipedia explains why they are helping a communist dictatorship incarcerate an innocent man, by helping them to spread their lies. For them to spread big lies is an integral part of their strategy to prevent Europeans from understanding the true nature of the narco-terrorist states led by Cuba.....While Wikipedia will claim that they have no editors, the fact that Vituzzu has the power to block dissenting opinions from being heard makes him a “WIKIPEDIA DICTATOR”, and thus – in any reasonable interpretation of the word – an editor. It is irrelevant if and who pays him for the job he does in the service of the dictatorship. Wikipedia has given him the authority to act in their name by blocking other users, and consequently they are responsible for his acts.....This muzzle method is brutal. It is worthy of a "FASCIST DICTATORSHIP", or, as in this case, of a "NARCO-COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP". Who is <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Vituzzu"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Vituzzu</span></a>? Where is he? He could be anywhere. He could sit in Caracas, Venezuela, or for that matter in Havana, Cuba, and do these things. (His page on Wikipedia claims he lives in New York, but the phone number he gives is fake, so one cannot assign any credibility to the claims either as to his name or his whereabouts.)......." </h2>
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So -according to Erlingsson- Vituzzu, calling himself <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Vituzzu"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Vito Giulio-Claudio</span></a> at the time, blocked not just further edits but also <em>all discussions and messages on Wikipedia. <strong><u>WHAT A SHAME!!!</u></strong></em><br />
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If interested, the readers can get the full information about these Vituzzu's slanders -as a "Narco-Communist Dictator"- here at: <a href="http://blog.erlingsson.com/?s=vituzzu"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://blog.erlingsson.com/?s=vituzzu</span></a>. Indeed to understand the "bad to the bones" Mafioso admin:Vituzzu, please read his own OUTING MY EVILNESS at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vituzzu&diff=662072374&oldid=596379010"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vituzzu&diff=662072374&oldid=596379010</span></a> . <br />
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Finally, allow me to repeat that are being checked evidences about Vito/Vituzzu, who seems to be involved in some of the Muslim fanatism on Wikipedia (Italians and a Canadian have been recently arrested in "Operation Martese", read <a class="external autonumber" href="http://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_luglio_01/blitz-anti-terrorismo-maria-giulia-sergio-centro-dell-inchiesta-af9c3778-1fb7-11e5-a401-e3fdb427a19f.shtml?refresh_ce-cp" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #cc6611;">[9]</span></a>, showing even a growing relationship between Mafia/Ndrangheta and ISIS/Al Kaeda). We will elaborate our investigations and report it on WP:AN/I or to the top authorities of Wikipedia/Wikimedia and/or even other institutions.</div>
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<span class="post-author vcard"> Posted by <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">manmer2015</span> </span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> at <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/11/more-worldwide-complaints-against.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" title="2015-11-01T18:24:00-08:00"><span style="color: #cc6611;">6:24 PM</span></abbr></a> </span> <span class="reaction-buttons"></span> <span class="post-comment-link"><a class="comment-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/11/more-worldwide-complaints-against.html#comment-form"><span style="color: #cc6611;"> No comments: </span></a> </span> <span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"></span> <span class="post-icons"><span class="item-control blog-admin pid-201674881"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6062347248272079067&postID=5639035131469062419&from=pencil" title="Edit Post"><img alt="" class="icon-action" height="18" src="https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" width="18" /><span style="color: #cc6611;"> </span></a> </span> </span> <br />
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<a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/10/do-admins-like-vito-rule-italian.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">DO ADMINS LIKE VITO RULE ITALIAN WIKIPEDIA?</span></a> </h3>
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Italian Wikipedia seems ruled by admins like Vito, the "bad to the bones" Mafioso user:Vituzzu (read OUTING MY EVILNESS (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vituzzu&diff=662072374&oldid=596379010"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vituzzu&diff=662072374&oldid=596379010</span></a> ) at the center of last month issue of this blog. Or at least many Italian Wikipedians think this is the sad reality! Like in the above image where a group of persons (as imaginary wikipedians) salute with devotion & deference a huge statue representing the admin Vito. <br />
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Indeed the above image is taken from the 2012 issue of Wikiperle named "The Case Vituzzu" (<br />
<a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html</span></a> ) and pinpoints "the consensus according to Vituzzu" (il consenso secondo Vituzzu).<br />
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Here it is a group of excerpts translated from the Wikiperle article "il caso vituzzu":<br />
<br />
<span id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">1) Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">an emblematic figure</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedia for</span> <span class="hps">several reasons</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">is well suited</span> <span class="hps">to clarify</span> <span class="hps">the concepts of</span> <span class="hps atn">"C</span>ricca" <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Wikimafia" <span class="hps">that recur</span> <span class="hps">often in our</span> <span class="hps">Wikiperle</span> with <span class="hps">related comments</span>.<span class="hps">We have</span> <span class="hps">written many times</span> <span class="hps">that we use</span> <span class="hps">those two</span> <span class="hps">terms</span> <span class="hps">to simplify</span> <span class="hps">a reality</span> <span class="hps">much more complex</span> <span class="hps">and varied</span>. To tell the truth o<span class="hps">n (Italian) Wikipedia</span> <span class="hps">there is</span> not <span class="hps">a real</span> "cricca" (in English: "gang") <span class="hps">firmly</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">rigidly</span> <span class="hps">organized</span>. <span class="hps">There are</span>, <span class="hps">rather</span>, <span class="hps">relations</span> <span class="hps">of friendship and</span> <span class="hps">mutual interest</span>, <span class="hps">exchange of</span> <span class="hps">favors and</span> <span class="hps">defenses</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the (admin) role that</span> <span class="hps">too</span> <span class="hps">often end up</span> <span class="hps">stepping on</span> <span class="hps">the same</span> <span class="hps">pillars on which</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedia</span> <span class="hps">is based</span> <span class="hps">and</span> so always end up <span class="hps">crushing</span> <span class="hps">vulnerable customers</span>.....(because of these relations) <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">rushed</span> <span class="hps">like a train</span> <span class="hps">to defend</span> <span class="hps">the articles</span> <span class="hps">of his friend</span> <span class="hps">Montesacro (an admin now banned) and later <span class="hps">tried to</span> <span class="hps">put</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">the wiki "black list</span>" the blogs<strong> </strong><a href="http://11-settembre.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: #467bb1;"><strong>11-settembre</strong></span></a><strong> </strong>&<strong> </strong><a href="http://crono911.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #467bb1;"><strong>Crono911</strong></span></a> not appreciated by Montesacro (but Vito was later forced to admit his mistake). </span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="en"><span class="hps">2) <span id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">determined defense</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> did for <span class="hps">Montesacro</span> <span class="hps">was clearly evident</span> <span class="hps">even</span> <span class="hps">in the voting</span> <span class="hps">reconfirmation (</span> </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Amministratori/Riconferma_annuale/Piero_Montesacro" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: #467bb1;"><strong>votazioni di riconferma</strong></span></a><strong> ) </strong><span class="hps">of the latter</span>. In t<span class="hps">he</span> reconfirmation of<span class="hps"> December 2011</span>, <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">even accused</span> <span class="hps">those who expressed</span> <span class="hps">a vote against</span> Montesacro <span class="hps">to obey</span> <span class="hps">orders from</span> somebody <span class="hps atn">(</span>see <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">comment: </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussioni_Wikipedia:Amministratori/Riconferma_annuale/Piero_Montesacro/5#Commenti_al_voto_di_TheDRaKKaR" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: #467bb1;">vedi il commento al voto di Drakkar</span></a>). <span class="hps">In</span> <span class="hps">that of</span> <span class="hps">December 2010</span> <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">attacked</span> <span class="hps">one by one</span> the <span class="hps">users</span> <span class="hps">who voted</span> <span class="hps">against</span> <span class="hps">the reappointment (</span> <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussioni_Wikipedia:Amministratori/Riconferma_annuale/Piero_Montesacro/4#Commenti_al_voto_di_RobertoITA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: #467bb1;">gli utenti che votavano contro la riconferma</span></a> ).</span></span><br />
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3) <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">is the administrator</span> <span class="hps">most</span> named <span class="hps">in the</span> critics & <span class="hps">reports Wikiperle receives</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedians</span>, <span class="hps">who (even) keep</span> <span class="hps">an eye on</span> <span class="hps">the</span> "<span class="hps">chat sessions"</span> <span class="hps">on the channel of</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedia</span> <span class="hps">where</span> <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">often</span> is showing the (uncivil) <span class="hps">authoritarianism</span> <span class="hps">and arrogance</span> <span class="hps">with which he relates</span> <span class="hps">with the Italian wiki community</span>.<br />
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<span lang="en"> 4) Vituzzu <span class="hps">used to</span> <span class="hps">defend</span> <span class="hps">to the death</span> <span class="hps">his friends</span> <span class="hps">even</span> <span class="hps">when they commit</span> <span class="hps">abuses</span> <span class="hps">and</span> harrassment<span class="hps">s, and</span> <span class="hps">this is certainly not</span> <span class="hps">good for</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedia</span>. <span class="hps">In addition, the</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>enemies" <span class="hps">of his friends</span> <span class="hps">automatically become</span> <span class="hps">his enemies</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> attacks<span class="hps"> them</span> <span class="hps">deliberately</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">with impunity</span> in order <span class="hps">to trigger</span> <span class="hps">their reactions</span> <span class="hps">that can lead to</span> <span class="hps">a block</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>ban). <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">has little</span> <span class="hps">consideration</span> <span class="hps">of consensus and</span> <span class="hps">believe that his</span> <span class="hps">opinion</span> <span class="hps">must prevail over those</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">all the others;</span> he <span class="hps">does not admit</span> his<span class="hps"> mistakes</span> <span class="hps">and</span> he pays attention to never <span class="hps">apologize</span>. <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">is arrogant</span> <span class="hps">with newcomers</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">despises</span> <span class="hps">the opinions</span> <span class="hps">expressed by</span> new<span class="atn">-</span>users and <span class="hps">unregistered users (IPs)</span>, <span class="hps">as if</span> <span class="hps">only the old registered wiki-users</span> <span class="hps">had a right</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">express themselves</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>but <span class="hps">even then he</span> <span class="hps">does not renounce to his (uncivil) </span><span class="hps">attacks,</span> <span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">the views expressed</span> are not <span class="hps">to his liking</span>).<br /> </span><br />
5) <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">one of those who</span> <span class="hps">prefer</span> <span class="hps">to hit</span> <span class="hps">those who have less</span> <span class="hps">opportunity to defend themselves</span>, <span class="hps">and he likes to</span> <span class="hps">do it</span> <span class="hps">quietly</span>, <span class="hps">in the shadows</span> <span class="hps">and hitting from the back the shoulders</span>, <span class="hps">hoping</span> <span class="hps">that</span> the victim<span class="hps"> does not notice</span> <span class="hps">anyone ...(even from "Perle Complottiste")</span><br />
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6) <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">aforementioned</span> <span class="hps">chat (and article) shows</span> <span class="hps">unequivocally</span> <span class="hps">how</span> <span class="hps">this</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Vituzzu" <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a real</span> <span class="hps">human (clinical) case</span> <span class="hps">suffering from</span> <span class="hps">pathological</span> <span class="hps">egocentrism</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">narcissistic personality disorder</span>. It is needed urgent <span class="hps">psychiatric therapy</span>. (Comment from "Università LIUC Carlo Cattaneo Castellanza")<br />
<span lang="en"><span class="hps"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="en"><span class="hps">Of course many wikipedians wonder how it is possible that this uncivil admin is not removed from his powerful controlling position....and the answer is simple: he has "protectors" in the high levels of Italian Wikimedia/Wikipedia. <span class="hps">Vituzzu</span> <span class="hps">does</span> the <span class="hps atn">"</span>ducetto rosso" (red dictator) <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">Italian</span> <span class="hps">Wikipedia</span> also be<span class="hps">cause</span> <span class="hps">receives</span> <span class="hps">full support</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">one of the</span> <span class="hps">historical leaders</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">it.wiki</span>: Mario Benvenuti, nicknamed "<span class="hps">M7"</span>. Mario is also an admin and bureaucrat on Meta and a Stewart, he is a former CheckUser and now he is a member of the "Ombudsman Commision".<strong> </strong><span class="hps">This</span> protector is <span class="hps">pictured</span> in a photo <span class="hps">to the left</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>fat Q<span class="hps">ueen</span> of Italian <span class="hps">Wikimedia</span>" <span class="hps">Frieda (</span><a class="external free exitstitial" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Bishop_Frieda_M7_Svante.JPG"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Bishop_Frieda_M7_Svante.JPG</span></a> ). In the next months I will write more about......but meanwhile allow me to thank the messages of approval that I have received, denouncing this uncivil Vito & others with hundreds of posts to wikipedians in the English Wikipedia</span></span><br />
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<span class="post-author vcard">Posted by <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">manmer2015</span> </span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> at <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/10/do-admins-like-vito-rule-italian.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" title="2015-10-04T16:38:00-07:00"><span style="color: #cc6611;">4:38 PM</span></abbr></a> </span> <span class="reaction-buttons"></span> <span class="post-comment-link"><a class="comment-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/10/do-admins-like-vito-rule-italian.html#comment-form"><span style="color: #cc6611;"> No comments: </span></a> </span> <span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"></span> <span class="post-icons"><span class="item-control blog-admin pid-201674881"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6062347248272079067&postID=6960582935005612242&from=pencil" title="Edit Post"><img alt="" class="icon-action" height="18" src="https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" width="18" /><span style="color: #cc6611;"></span></a></span> </span></div>
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<a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/09/many-others-are-complaining-about-vito.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;"> MANY OTHERS ARE COMPLAINING ABOUT VITO</span></a> </h3>
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There are many persons complaining about Vito, nicknamed "Vituzzu'' in Wikipedia/Wikimedia. That's why I want to post here this month what they write against this uncivil admin. And I do this because this "Mafioso from Calabria" sometimes goes around saying that I am the one and only against him......but the reality is totally different from the lies he uses to say with his "Wikimafia"!<br />
<br />
So let's start from the translations of some excerpts of what appears on a famous website about the Italian Wikipedia: it is named "WIKIPERLE". Here it is the full group of articles (in Italian) on Vito/Vituzzu: <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/search/label/Vituzzu"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/search/label/Vituzzu</span></a> and these are the most interesting:<br />
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1 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2015/07/vituzzu-contro-il-prof-drago.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2015/07/vituzzu-contro-il-prof-drago.html</span></a><br />
2 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/12/wikipedia-come-la-gestapo.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/12/wikipedia-come-la-gestapo.html</span></a><br />
3 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/05/wikipedia-mai-criticare-la-famiglia.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/05/wikipedia-mai-criticare-la-famiglia.html</span></a><br />
4 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/01/wikipedia-la-milionesima-bufala.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/01/wikipedia-la-milionesima-bufala.html</span></a><br />
5 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/01/lora-di-vigevanese.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2013/01/lora-di-vigevanese.html</span></a><br />
6 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/11/ave-wikipedia_30.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/11/ave-wikipedia_30.html</span></a><br />
7 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/04/levasione-di-vituzzu.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/04/levasione-di-vituzzu.html</span></a><br />
8 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html</span></a><br />
9 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/12/la-wikimafia-in-azione.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/12/la-wikimafia-in-azione.html</span></a><br />
10 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/11/quel-che-succede-in-chat-regia-di.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/11/quel-che-succede-in-chat-regia-di.html</span></a><br />
11 <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/10/altro-colpo-di-mano-di-vituzzu-su.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2011/10/altro-colpo-di-mano-di-vituzzu-su.html</span></a><br />
<u><span style="color: #cc6611;"><br /></span></u> Another related website is called "PERLE COMPLOTTISTE" and even here there it is an article dedicated to Vito and his abuses:<br />
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<a href="http://complottismo.blogspot.com/2011/09/wikipedia-e-11-settembre-vituzzu.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://complottismo.blogspot.com/2011/09/wikipedia-e-11-settembre-vituzzu.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="https://janeyinmersin.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/godfather.jpg?w=599&h=273" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cc6611;"><img border="0" height="139" src="https://janeyinmersin.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/godfather.jpg?w=599&h=273" width="320" /></span></a></div>
Don VITO Corleone, the famous Hollywood Godfather<br />
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TRANSLATIONS OF SOME EXCERPTS: <br />
1- The admin Vituzzu since a few years ago has obtained to be a real dictator of the Italian Wikipedia, with his own group of associates and supporters that we call "Wikimafia"<br />
(<b>l'amministratore Vituzzu</b> ..da qualche anno si è imposto come vero e proprio dittatore della Wikipedia italiana, con il suo bravo gruppetto di affiliati e sostenitori che noi chiamiamo Wikimafia)....in "L'ora di Vigevanese" of January 2013.<br />
2- Many admins work like they were small emperors and policemen without pity, ready to punish whoever doesn't bend to them and to help whoever is fully faithful to their POVs. One of the worst of them is Vituzzu, who is experienced and active, but he is a bully with sly and arrogance (molti amministratori ... si sentono piccoli imperatori e spietati vigili urbani, pronti a punire chiunque non si inchini al loro cospetto e a graziare chi fa atto di fede.Tra questi amministratori, uno dei peggiori è <b>Vituzzu</b>, tanto capace -è tra i più esperti e assidui- quanto prepotente, subdolo e arrogante) in "Wikipedia come la Gestapo" of December 2013.<br />
3-Vituzzu is the unlucky guy who is without a real good life to show proudly, and so he is self-giving importance socially trying to be a boss in control of en.wiki. But on the contrary what he gets is similar to the little bully in high school who rules on the elementary kids, but when dealing with those in college is ridiculed as worth "nothing"...and meanwhile cannot stop the laughs from everybody behind him. Exactly what happened to him at his school. PS: someone has understood who is this Vituzzu? Is he a problematic kid/teenager or a fortysomething without social life? (Vituzzu è il solito sfigato che, non avendo una vita reale di cui vantarsi, tenta di darsi un tono facendo finta di poter "influire" sulla en.wiki. Invece l'effetto che ottiene è quello del bulletto della terza media che fa il gradasso con quelli delle elementari...ma che quando si avvicina ad uno delle scuole superiori, viene considerato per quello che è: una nullità.....ma intanto non puo' evitare che tutti gli ridano dietro. Esattamente come gli succedeva a scuola.PS: ma qualcuno è riuscito a capire chi sia questo Vituzzu? E' un bimbominkia o è un ultraquarantenne privo di vita sociale?) in Comments on "Vituzzu contro il prof. Drago" of July 2015.<br />
4- These idiots (like Vituzzu) have the guts to feel offended if someone accuses them to be worst than the Gestapo! This is the way Wikipedia works, the free and public encyclopedia...until you don't bother one of these (Mafiosi) who got authority thanks to their dirty methods and is supported by this mafia group! And you cannot defend yourself because these guys are at the same time judges (they ban you), prosecutors (they find all excuses) and one-side defenders (because they help each other in order to promote their consensus inside the (Wikipedia) system and don't care about other users' reasons and rights (Questi idioti (come Vituzzu) hanno il coraggio pure di offendersi se gli dici che sono peggio della Gestapo!Ecco come funziona wikipedia, l’enciclopedia libera e democratica… fino a quando non pesti i piedi a qualcuno che proprio grazie a questi metodi è riuscito a farsi un certo consenso e gode di un seguito di amichetti compiacenti!E tu non puoi difenderti, perchè questi tizi sono contemporaneamente giudici (ti danno i blocchi), accusa (cercano tutti i pretesti) e difesa ma a senso unico, perchè si difendono tra loro per rafforzare il loro consenso all'interno del sistema, e se ne sbattono delle ragioni degli altri utenti!) in Comments on "Wikipedia:mai criticare la famiglia" of May 2013<br />
5- Vituzzu has cowardly cheated creating a software BOT that should have put the one million article in the Italian wikipedia, while he was quietly sleeping in his bed...in other words, Vituzzu has cheated in order to be historically remembered as the one who wrote the one million article of Italian Wikipedia. It is a bit like the athlete who uses a drug to win a race competition. This fact explains in great detail which kind of user/admin is Vituzzu (Vituzzu, ha barato vigliaccamente creando un programma robot che avrebbe dovuto inserire la milionesima voce mentre lui se ne stava tranquillo a letto a dormire....In altre parole, <b>Vituzzu ha barato</b> allo scopo di passare alla storia come l'inseritore della milionesima voce di Wikipedia. E' un po' come l'atleta che ricorre al doping per vincere una gara.Questa circostanza la dice lunga su che razza di utente/amministratore sia Vituzzu) in "Wikipedia:la milionesima bufala" of January 2013.<br />
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Of course I want to remember what wrote on <a href="http://wikipediocracy.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=95904"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikipediocracy.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=95904</span></a> about the "Mafioso Moscerino Vituzzu" a wikipedian named Abd. He wrote that <strong>"Vituzzu is a loose cannon, and he, with the collaboration of a few others, has been causing massive global activity damaging the projects (of Wikipedia), all out of his "hatred" for "promotion," and his acknowledged impatience with policy. He is not one of the major actors in combatting real spam, see the post above, he's minor. Given that relative lack of activity, his error rate is enormous". </strong>And we have seen last month one of his many mistakes with user:Onomaticus (and later with user of IP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/68.151.54.38" title="Special:Contributions/68.151.54.38"><strong><span style="color: #cc6611;">68.151.54.38</span></strong></a> , who is from Canada and not from the USA, and was confused by Vito with Brunodam who lives in Florida: read <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/68.151.54.38"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/68.151.54.38</span></a>). Really, his error rate is enormous!!! Like his malignity and sadism banning whoever he doesn't like.... <br />
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<span class="post-author vcard"> Posted by <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">manmer2015</span> </span> </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> at <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/09/many-others-are-complaining-about-vito.html" rel="bookmark" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" title="2015-09-04T10:17:00-07:00"><span style="color: #cc6611;">10:17 AM</span></abbr></a> </span> <span class="reaction-buttons"></span> <span class="post-comment-link"><a class="comment-link" href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/09/many-others-are-complaining-about-vito.html#comment-form"><span style="color: #cc6611;"> No comments: </span></a> </span> <span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"></span> <span class="post-icons"><span class="item-control blog-admin pid-201674881"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6062347248272079067&postID=6834512575455181876&from=pencil" title="Edit Post"><img alt="" class="icon-action" height="18" src="https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" width="18" /><span style="color: #cc6611;"> </span></a> </span> </span> <br />
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<a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">ONOMATICUS: a case of lack of justice</span></a> </h3>
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ONOMATICUS: a case of complete lack of justice in Wikipedia<br />
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Last month has happened an astonishing case of abuse by some admins of the English Wikipedia: an honest Wikipedia user with the nickname "Onomaticus" has been blocked forever and his article "Cristian Berbers" erased by the gang related to the Mafioso Vituzzu (see my last month issue about this uncivil admin).<br />
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Onomaticus on his talkpage ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Onomaticus"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Onomaticus</span></a> ) has expressed his opinions about this unbelievable block. I hope the readers can have an idea (from all this shameful situation & case) of the abuses done in Wikipedia......SIMILAR TO THE ONES THAT MADE BRUNODAM BLOCKED FOREVER IN 2007.<br />
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What strikes me more is that Onomaticus is clearly an user writing from England, while Brunodam is writing from the USA: a distance of some thousands miles that is totally forgotten by the admin JamesBWatson , who has decided with his "genious" brain that Onomaticus is a sockpuppet of Brunodam. And all this was based on what? NOTHING!!!!! Just a few related sentences......unbelievable, but true! THIS IS THE "REAL" WIKIPEDIA!.........<br />
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Onomaticus even wrote as an answer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Sockpuppet_investigations#Check_out_a_new_account"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Sockpuppet_investigations#Check_out_a_new_account</span></a><br />
(an answer shamefully erased from appearing on the case): "....the opinions of some adolescent college student (like Tokyogirl79) matters more than someone actually trying to help wikipedia. I am sick of unprofessional morons being given Wikipedia privileges. Speak to me in real life and stop hiding behind your keyboards. Give me some way of contacting you that isn't faceless and then we will talk. I don't mean in person, I mean so I can hear your voice, Skype, Teamspeak or phone number. There should be a way of contacting Wikipedia admins in real life...."<br />
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Indeed I have wiki-contacted (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tokyogirl79#FYI"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tokyogirl79#FYI</span></a> ) this admin Tokyogirl79, who is a college student and "proudly" wrote as admin-credentials that "I have been a fan of anime and manga for many years, as well as a huge fan of B-rate horror movies".....but this teenage girl (who wrote "I'm currently attempting to return to school in order to obtain a degree in nursing. I'm not as of yet sure which field of nursing I would like to go into, but I like the idea of going into medical referencing" when entered in Wikipedia) seems to be happy with the same malignity of the Mafioso Vituzzu and she obviously doesn't care of VERIFICATION of identity with phone calls (Skype, phone number, etc...). For her a supposed vandal is a vandal forever and that's it all! ..........Sincerely, I'd like to show up at the Library of Virginia where she is a volunteer ( read <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tokyogirl79LVA"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tokyogirl79LVA</span></a> ) to try to convince her with my physical presence that I am not in England as is Onomaticus, but I am sure it would be a waste of time with such a college teenager.....<br />
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Another thing that bothers me is that all the posts of Onomaticus have been erased, even those where it was possible to read the IP used by him (an IP that appeared by his mistake in two occasions, but that showed that he was writing from England).....why the "cunning" admin JamesBWatson did not see this IP located totally away from the many IPs of Brunodam? Of course I am sure the readers can easily answer the question.....(;-D).... To be sincere, all this remembers me the accusations done against user:Enok, who was confused with Brunodam by user:Kimdine on May 2013: but it was a clear mistake and an HONEST admin did not blocked forever him (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Brunodam&diff=prev&oldid=554745221"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Brunodam&diff=prev&oldid=554745221</span></a> ). <br />
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Anyway, in case some reader wishes to "recreate" the erased article of Onomaticus, I am going to add the full version of "Christian Berbers" written by him, as appears on Wikiwand (<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9oOKirhwCzEJ:www.wikiwand.com/en/Christian_Berbers+&cd=18&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9oOKirhwCzEJ:www.wikiwand.com/en/Christian_Berbers+&cd=18&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</span></a> ):<br />
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addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316050554937001876.post-37089235548052015372017-02-09T18:54:00.000-08:002017-06-01T15:25:46.361-07:00VITO & THE CRICCAI have been told that some members of the CRICCA (a kind of "mafia-style" group of the Italian Wikipedia, that is increasingly ruling this wiki) are worried by the blog "Manmer2015". They behave like rats when a light is put on these disgusting animals and try to escape (because they are afraid of being identified). Of course this delights me.....so I am going to dedicate this writing to the "CRICCAROLI RATS", as someone has nicknamed them ("Criccaroli" means in Italian language: "members of the Cricca"), and to their links with the uncivil Vito.<br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Wikicricca_Transparent.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Wikicricca_Transparent.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wiki-spaccio.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wiki-spaccio.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
Old photo of the first "Criccaroli" buying drugs (?) in Italian Wikipedia meeting at Siena2006<br />
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First of all I have to pinpoint that there are 2 groups of "CRICCAROLI". One is the "official" on Italian Wikipedia and is made of users a bit aggressive but -let's say- normal in their behavior (the main ruler of this group seems to be the fat "Queen of Italian wiki": Frieda Brioschi): they can be found with the nickname "Chattaroli" in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Nick1915/Chattaroli_orizzontale"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Chattaroli</span></a>. It is interesting to note that they proudly display as their motto that "<span style="font-size: xx-small;">In irc (internet relay chat) tutti sono malvagi, e chi dice il contrario è stato in irc e quindi è malvagio..." , that in English means "In IRC (main It.Wiki chat channel) all members are evil, and who says the contrary has been in IRC and so he too is evil..."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span> But the other is an undercover group that is made of "HUMAN RATS", as one of my friends called them. Of course the Mafioso Vituzzu is a member of this second group, as all of you can easily surmise.<br />
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The main members of this dangerous "Cricca" are denounced in a comment on Wikiperle by a person with the nickname "ing. Andrea M.". He wrote (as I have written last month) that :<br />
"<b>Blackcat (an admin cousin of Frieda Brioschi, the "fat queen of Italian Wikimedia") and his friends are those who support the web helping Vituzzu in the italian wikipedia; and they work together in the other areas of Wiki on commission. If you pay attention the "Cricca"(Wikimafia) of Vituzzu has jobs everywhere: <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Blackcat"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Blackcat</span></a> & <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Jaqen"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Jaqen</span></a> in Commons, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Sannita"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Sannita</span></a> in Wikidata, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:M7"><span style="color: #cc6611;">M7</span></a> in Wikiquote, so when a favour/help is needed it is sufficient to do an e-mail message and the evidences disappear. And nobody dares to denounce because afraid to be banned......</b> (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Lui Blackcat/Sergio e tutti questi amichetti sono quelli che sostengono la rete di soccorso di Vituzzu e agiscono su commissione negli altri progetti. Se ci fate caso la cricca di Vituzzu ha incarichi dovunque: Blackcat e Jaqen su Commons, Sannita su Wikidata, M7 su Wikiquote, quindi quando serve un favore basta lasciare un messaggio in e-mail e la roba sparisce. E nessuno denuncia niente perché ha paura per la propria utenza......)</span><br />
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This person nicknamed "Ingegnere Andrea M." has even added that he was forced to stop writing on Italian Wikipedia because of anonymous letters received! If interested, please read with a "google translator" his comment in Italian of January 4, 2016 ( <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2015/07/vituzzu-contro-il-prof-drago.html#comment-form"><span style="color: #cc6611;">wikiperle.blogspot.com/2015/07/vituzzu-contro-il-prof-drago.html#comment-form </span></a>): here it is another evidence that this "Cricca" is a disgusting MAFIA, with its usual anonymous attacks!!!!<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span> Furthermore, I want to pinpoint what has happened to one of my friends nicknamed "Brunodam" in Wikipedia) when he was banned forever by members of this disgusting "Cricca" in 2007:<br />
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<span style="color: black;">"....</span>Two relatives from Italy came to spend a summer in 2007 at Brunodam's house in south Florida. They spent some months posting with him on Salerno topics on the Italian Wikipedia from his home (using his same modem, of course). An Italian wiki admin did not believe that they were 3 different persons and blocked them: they offered to send copies of their passports & identifications and to talk by phone to show that they were not the same persons, but he kept blocking them. Brunodam then got enraged and "hinted" that he was thinking of getting help from an attorney in order to defend himself from these offensive accusations.......and suddenly he got BANNED FOREVER! No possibility of defending himself, and the same happened for his 2 relatives who got astonished by all this. Brunodam wrote even to Jimbo (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales"><span style="color: #cc6611;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales</span></a>), but he got always blocked and blocked and blocked and blocked every tentative of communication...."<br />
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Later, one of Brunodam's two relatives -fully enraged- decided to write a blog against this "Cricca". You can read her blog "Criccawikipediaitaliana" -that received many comments and approvals- here: <br />
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<a href="http://criccawikipediaitaliana.blogspot.com/2007/03/questo-blog-e-creato-allo-scopo-di.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">criccawikipediaitaliana.blogspot.com/2007/03/questo-blog-e-creato-allo-scopo-di.html</span></a><br />
<u><span style="color: #cc6611;"><br /></span></u> So, after some years and until we will obtain full victory, we keep & will keep denouncing this "Cricca": <b>Vituzzu, Blackcat, M7, Jacquen, Sannita and a few others (like Alessandro57) are the SHAME of Italian Wikipedia!!!</b><br />
<b><br /></b> The members of this evil "Cricca" have one characteristic: they are all supporters of Marxism and/or Social-Communism.....and are linked to leftist groups in the world. Vito, for example, is a known "servant" of the leftist Croatian group that seems ruled/controlled by the tricky admin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Joy"><span style="color: #cc6611;">User:Joy</span></a> and that in English Wikipedia controls all the articles on former Yugoslavia of criminal dictator Tito.<br />
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Since 2011 we have this shameful "leccapiedismo" (coward submission) of Vito and others to this Croatian group (that has received a lot of critics even from the same founder-owner of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales/Jimbo; read: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales/Archive_144#Gathering_information_about_alleged_irregularities_on_Croatian_Wikipedia"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Jimbo_Wales/Archive_144#Gathering_information_about_alleged_irregularities_on_Croatian_Wikipedia</span></a><br />
and <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/2013_issues_on_Croatian_Wikipedia"><span style="color: #cc6611;">2013_issues_on_Croatian_Wikipedia</span></a>), as can be seen on this comment that was done on "A<a href="http://brunodam.blog.kataweb.it/2016/02/02/letteratura-italiana-dalmata/"><span style="color: #cc6611;">romuni e neolatini balcanici(ilmioweblogaromuno)</span></a>" by Giacomo Sorgi and that can be easily translated with <a href="https://translate.google.com/"><span style="color: #cc6611;">translate-google</span></a> :<br />
"Eccomi quindi in trasferta per un mese su en.wiki dove sto assistendo ad una situazione praticamente assurda.Mi sono cimentato nella redazione di pagine riguardanti l'Adriatico: il Gargano, Peschici, Ragusa, Giacomo Micaglia.. quando mi rendo conto di cosa sta succedendo: tutte le voci sono artificiosamente slavizzate: addirittura Giacomo Micaglia è Jacob Mijkali, La famiglia Sorgo è diventata Sorcocejivic con tanto di segni diacritici, addirittura esiste su en.wiki la "Repubblica di Dubrovnik"!! Cioè non v'è traccia della cultura nè italiana, nè addirittura romanza...E mentre con stupore mi accorgo di ciò, due utenti di chiaro orientamento nazionalista slavo-croato, tra i più attivi, ingraziatisi alcuni admin iniziano a intimorirmi, rollbackandomi automaticamente nonchè minacciandomi ed accusandomi di essere un sockpuppet di qualche altro povero utente precedentemente bannato. Sto cercando di rendere pubblica la questione, poichè si rischia una deriva impressionante del progetto.Bisogna fare attenzione a non scrivere in modo diretto nelle pagine utente del gruppetto di nazionalisti croati e slavi, oggi - nel 2011- "loro" (Direktor , Srnec, Kubura, Zoupan, Joy & Co.) lo possono fare tranquillamente, mentre gli utenti neutrali o dal nome vagamente italiano vengono subito accusati di essere una "clique".Attenzione poi a rifuggire la marea di troll e sock croati che girano attorno alle voci istriano-dalmate.Ci sono amministratori (come User:Polargeo e come User:Vituzzu) che si sono fatti abbindolare da questo gruppo di fanatici nazionalisti sloveno-croati, e che in tempo zero intervengono col bastone per eliminargli ogni problema.Insomma con siti web che attingono a piene mani da en.wikipedia, ci si è ritrovati in una situazione di falso storico che ha dell'incredibile."<br />
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Here it is a brief translation: "I posted in en. wiki something on Istria-Dalmatia issues and I was shocked to find that the Italian Giacomo Micaglia was written Jacob Mijkali or the Sorgo family was named Sorcocejivic, without any reference to the Italian culture in Ragusa (called always Dubrovnik) and so on. I tried to correct something but I was quickly attacked and roll-backed by a group of fanatical Croatian/Slav nationalists (like admin Joy or Croatian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kubura"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Admin Kubura</span></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Director"><span style="color: #cc6611;">User:Director</span></a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Srnec"><span style="color: #cc6611;">User:Srnec</span></a> ), who are supported by stupid Italians (like user Vituzzu and user Polargeo).In this way we find in en.wiki a situation of falsification of History that is unbelievable".<br />
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Indeed the coward submission of "leccapiedi" Vito can be clearly seen when fanatical admin Joy on the English Wikipedia sent him a post ordering to "check up" (meaning: attack erasing) articles posted by Brunodam here: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Vituzzu#Brunodam_check_please"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Brunodam_check_please</span></a>.........and TRAITOR Vituzzu quickly obeyed erasing many wiki-voices on Italy that were judged favorable to the Italians by "pro-Croatia" Joy, who a week before had made "disappear" -with his usual tricky ways- an article on Italian Cattaro (actual Kotor) that was named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattaro&oldid=708005852"><span style="color: #cc6611;">Venetian Cattaro</span></a>: all this happened because Croatian (left & right) nationalists want to erase all evidences of Italian presence in coastal Dalmatia and in Istria/Venezia Giulia. The servant Vituzzu even answered to his "boss" as soon as possible here: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Joy#Re:"><span style="color: #cc6611;">User_talk:Joy#Re:AT YOUR ORDERS!</span></a> What a shame this disgusting coward submission of TRAITOR Vito.........that's why one of my friends called the Calabria's mafioso Vito a <b>REAL HUMAN RAT WITHOUT DIGNITY!</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>Furthermore Vito is even showing coward submission to the orders of ISIS/Shabaab supporters inside English Wikipedia! He is always at the orders of user:AcidSnow, a wikipedian from Somalia about whom we wrote because friend of banned "terrorist" Middayexpress (read our June 2015 issue: http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/06/middayexpress-withdrawal-ban.html )</b><br />
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Finally, now Brunodam is going to start a second -and in my opinion more effective- attack against this uncivil & traitor Vituzzu and his "Cricca" (called sometimes "Wikimafia"): from now he will start writing letters directly to the mail address of the main authorities of Wikipedia. After a lot of research he has found their personal addresses. In this way h will reach directly -and without interferences- Jimbo & his managers. And -because of this activity writing these "letters" full of details & evidences in order to convince Jimbo & his managers to get rid of this Wikimafia- probably this is going to be the last month of this blog "Manmer2015".....anyway, we'll see what happens in the next months. My best wishes to all of you..... <br />
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VITUZZU NEEDS PSYCHIATRIC THERAPY!!!<br />
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Last but not least, we must remember that a lot of persons are complaining about the psychological problems of Vituzzu (similar to those of many mafia bosses). From calling him a "psychopathic mind" to requesting "psychiatric treatment" for his mad behavior, a lot of people have doubts about his brain normality. May be the most precise & indicative is the following comment done by the "Universita' LUIC Carlo Cattaneo" (read the original comment here: <a href="http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://wikiperle.blogspot.com/2012/01/ll-caso-vituzzu.html</span></a> ): <b>Unequivocally it is clearly demonstrated that Vituzzu is a real case of human person suffering from pathological egocentrism and narcissistic personality disorder. It is needed urgent psychiatric therapy for his psychosis.</b><br />
<b><br /></b> Vituzzu indeed has a psychosis that makes him to act as a damaging psychopath inside Wikipedia: he is a not too much clever young man who is excessively ambitious and a bit sick of sadism. He likes to rule the Italian Wikipedia like a little red "ducetto" (dictator), but he has his limits. <br />
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Limits that have been identified with accuracy by the expert Abd when he wrote that <strong>"Vituzzu is a loose cannon, and he, with the collaboration of a few others, has been causing massive global activity damaging the projects (of Wikipedia),.......his error rate is enormous".</strong> <br />
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Furthermore, Vituzzu seems to enjoy to "ban" people on Wikipedia with a sadism that is probably related to a kind of psychological vengeance because he is not working full time (he lives in Calabria, the poorest region of Italy). Additionally he has relatives that seems to be linked to the 'Ndrangheta, a dangerous mafia of Calabria, and he is "bad to the bones" (as a person, who knows him personally, wrote). But -worst of all- he is connected to extreme leftist organizations (like the national-communists of Croatian Wikipedia) and he is shamefully at their service: someone has defined him as "a TRAITOR of his own Italian people" always ready to erase and attack all that can show that the Italians are one of the best & important people in the world.<br />
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In a few words: <b>VITUZZU IS DAMAGING WIKIPEDIA! HE DOESN'T CARE OF THIS WONDERFUL ENCYCLOPEDIA: HE ALWAYS USES HIS POWER INSIDE WIKIPEDIA FOR HIS 'PERSONAL VENDETTA' AGAINST THOSE WIKIPEDIANS HE DOESN'T LIKE. THAT'S WHY HE ERASES MANY WELL WRITTEN ARTICLES (EVEN AWARDED WITH WIKI BARNSTARS!!!), LIKE HE DID WITH THOSE DONE BY USER ONOMATICUS ( <a href="http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html"><span style="color: #cc6611;">http://manmer2.blogspot.com/2015/08/onomaticus-case-of-lack-of-justice.html</span></a> ) & MANY OTHERS.</b><br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>addohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00141270178551151863noreply@blogger.com2